Crisis Management and the Aaron Hernandez Saga Research Paper

Emergency Management and the Aaron Hernandez Saga - Research Paper Example he murder cases encompassing Aaron Hernandez have prompted extraordinary harms not exclusively to the picture of Aaron Hernandez himself, yet in addition the individuals and associations with which Aaron Hernandez was related. This paper examines and investigations the Aaron Hernandez adventure and the undertakings made by various partners in the taking care of and the executives of the cynicism achieved by the Aaron Hernandez emergency. Aaron Hernandez adventure, despite the fact that with an exceptionally muddled starting point, can be followed directly from the youth that Hernandez needed to shoulder. As is regular with the vast majority, the earth to a colossal degree directs the characters of people. Aaron Hernandez was raised in a caring family. Aaron Hernandez adored, trusted and truly had a solid confidence in the standards of the guardians. The trust Aaron Hernandez had on his dad had positive results just as negative outcomes on him (Aaron Hernandez) all in equivalent measure (The University of Liverpool, 2014). Decidedly, Aaron Hernandez’s father assumed a gigantic job in raising Aaron Hernandez as an entirely capable and a self-roused individual (The University of Liverpool, 2014). Being mindful in Aaron Hernandez is confirm when he chose to get a vocation in proficient football. Aaron Hernandez is viewed as a fruitful player with alluring records in the NFL, some of which: playing in the super-bowls and in the top-flight tight end. Adversely nonetheless, Dennis Hernandez (Aaron Hernandez’s father) had rebel attributes, for example, as often as possible being sentenced for attack. From this examination, it tends to be contended that Aaron Hernandez acquired the â€Å"genes of crime† from his dad (The Courant, 2014). Being a football player, Aaron Hernandez is inclined to wrongdoing. American football is a game described with hard handles not to mention the physical requests the players need to experience before they qualify as experts (The Courant, 2014). Countless players in the NFL are likewise tranquilize clients, which

British Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

English Constitution - Essay Example The Blacks Law Dictionary is especially detailed giving the points of interest of a constitution. As indicated by the Blacks Law Dictionary, meaning of constitution the British constitution applies to this definition to some littler degree. Most countries have composed constitutions, for example, constitutions of most present day majority rules systems. The constitution of Britain, on the other hand, is unwritten or uncodified. Its customs are casual and dependent on a few unique laws. In contrast to different majority rules systems, Britain has no official archive that clarifies the administration of the country. The absence of a composed report connects to the British history. England never encountered an upset like different nations, and never had any system change. Along these lines, their constitution kept on advancing for so long and this joined with the general dependability of Britain, improvement of a constitution never happened. Specialists relating to constitution for the most part allude to a few laws, bargains and shows, which they gather to make up a constitution. T he few gatherings that make up a constitution incorporate Acts of Parliament, Treaties, shows, Royal privilege, works of power, European Union law and the Common law. Their constitution is by gauges less majority rule, not clear and not responsible enough to oversee a nation in the cutting edge popularity based world (KING, 2009). Not at all like constitutions of most majority rules systems that direct circulation of capacity to different organs, in Britain such force dwells in the arms of the crown. Force that is boundless and untouchable gets from the crown where the sovereign activities some of it and the vast majority of it by the legislature. The sovereign activities four sacred forces. These are just constrained to her, and no one can practice them for the benefit of her. They incorporate the ability to picked and delegate the nations head administrator, the ability to break down a sitting parliament, excusal of government and the ability to retain illustrious consent to enactment

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Stanford GSBs Green Campus

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Stanford GSBs Green Campus Thanks in part to a $105M gift from Nike founder and chairman Phil Knight (MBA 62), the Stanford Graduate School of Business (GSB) has constructed a new $350M campus in recent years. The 360,000 square foot campus of the Knight Management Center, which opened in April 2011, expanded the schools existing campus footprint by 100,000 square feet. The extended campus is intended to allow the use of a wider variety of teaching methods and to increase interaction among students and faculty, including those from other Stanford University schools. Forty-two small classrooms, 7 large classrooms, 276 seats in the auditorium and 60 faculty offices were added. In addition to offering facilities for cross-disciplinary classes and lectures, the Knight Center is employing sustainable practices with respect to site development and the conservative use of water and energy. As a result, the GSB will seek LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Platinum certificationâ€"the highest level of LEED certification granted by the U.S. Green Building Councilâ€"in recognition of the campus’s minimal environmental impact. To learn more about the Knight Center and the official launch, check out these  slideshows and videos. For more information on  the Stanford GSB  or 15 other leading MBA programs, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Friday Factoids Stanford University (Stanford Graduate School of Business)

Reflection Paper On My Writing - 5143 Words

Mario Rebottaro ENG 131.72 Nicole Brake Reflection Essay Throughout my semester in English 131, I have gained many improvements to both my writing skills and my writing process. One such improvement was making me think critically on my essays in both this class and another class where we had to write essays. On all of my later self-reviews, I constantly gave way below what I was eventually given, and that helped me so much, by changing my essays so much more than what I would have done originally. That is evident by how my grade has steadily gone up on each of my papers. The memoir that I first wrote was my first ever graded that was really beneficial to my grade, and I got a 44 out of 50. The next paper that I wrote was a profile, and I got the same grade on that as my memoir. The first improvement that I had was on the review essay, and that was only by one point above the other papers that I wrote. Lastly, the best improvement that I have had was with my final paper, a proposal essay. On that essay, I got a 49 out of 50, a major improve ment to my other pieces of writing. One thing that has not improved by being in this class is my ability to proof-read and my spelling. I have never been good at noticing any spelling mistakes, only pieces in writing that does not flow or make sense. I have even noticed in my peer’s papers that I have reviewed that there are words that are misspelled and the professor has marked, and I wondered how I have missed them. ThatShow MoreRelatedReflection Paper On The Formal Writing Assignments983 Words   |  4 Pages Before this class, I was terrified of writing papers. In high school we did not write that much and when we did, we were expected to know how to do it. My teachers never went into as much depth and detail as we did in this class. Writing in general was one of my biggest challenges coming into this class. In class we had to write reflections about ourselves and our week in class. I would always struggle with these because I would never know what to write about or how to start it. HoweverRead MoreReflection About Reading And Reflection1090 Words   |  5 PagesWhen I first received my classes for the fall semester of 2017, I noticed the class titled: Introductory College Writing. I instantly rolled my eyes and felt annoyed. Even though English as my favorite subject in high school, my favorite part of English was the reading aspect; I have always loathed the writing portion of English. My expectations in this class was I was going to write about a whole bunch of nonsense and hope to pass. But after participating in this course my expectations were thrownRead MoreEnglish 111 Evaluation Essay623 Words   |  3 Pagesthinking and the fundamentals of academic writing. This is a prerequisite English class for higher-level English education. By the end of this course a student will have gained a great deal of practice in the craft of writing. This essay will evaluate the English 111 textbooks, essays, self-reflections, the instructor, and what I personally learned. The English 111 textbook had effective sample essays and diagrams of outlines. The Successful College Writing Textbook is the textbook used for the EnglishRead MoreThe Reflective Essay My Writing Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesReflective Essay When I was a child, writing was one of my favorite hobbies, so I used to spend many hours to write in my daily journals. However, when I came to America, I felt more difficult to write and express my thoughts in English because I did not know much vocabularies and lacking grammatical knowledge. Then, I decided to go back to school to improve my writing skills because I recognize the significant of writing in my everyday lives. As a college student, my writing are about different types ofRead MoreLife Of Our Time As A Student1747 Words   |  7 Pagesour exams, papers, group projects, and late-night outings, our thoughts ebb and flow, and often we forget to reflect on all the progress that we’ve made throughout the semester. As students, we’re exposed to so much information, be we also find ourselves relearning the things we thought we understood all along, and so, for this assignment I have chosen to go back and reflect on my reflections. My goal is to better underst and the journey that I have gone through as a first-semester Writing ConsultantRead MoreMy Writing : The Reflective Essay Essay1666 Words   |  7 PagesThe Reflective Essay Writing has been one of my favorite hobbies since I was in high school, so I used to spend many hours to writing in my daily journals in Vietnamese. However, when I came to America, I felt more difficult to write and express my thoughts in English because I did not know much vocabularies and lacking grammatical knowledge. Then, I decided to go back to school to improve my writing skills because I recognize the significance of writing in my everyday lives. As a college studentRead MoreReflection Paper On Reflection1076 Words   |  5 Pagesgrown in composition writing. Going into Dublin Scioto High School’s dual credit program, I only knew how to write short story analysis papers, or your run-of-the-mill story reflection. After hearing I would have wrote a total of 5000 words minimum, I was left flabbergasted. Nevertheless, the challenges faced when writing these papers gave me an abundant amount of knowledge in transitional word use, and finally becoming comfortable with the drafting process. When writing my papers, however, I stillRead MoreEssay on A Reflection Upon My Writing911 Words   |  4 Pagesthe key for how my thoughts are dictated on this blank white sheet.† After writing this in my in-class journal discussing my transition from five-paragraph writing to actual formation of thoughts without a specific format, I realized that this process was a larger undertaking than I originally thought. Through endless amounts of essay writing the personal academic improvements that have taken place this quarter are indescribable in comparison to any other academic feat made in my brief but fulfillingRead MoreLessons Learned Paper1448 Words   |  6 PagesLessons Learned Paper Na’Kisha Sherrard, MS University of Phoenix Lessons Learned Paper Connecting with a group of doctoral students for the first residency is very frightening. Several students admitted to having feelings of misperception, worry, or uncertainty. Meeting someone new is certainly not comfortable, however the expectations and anxiety of a doctoral program is sufficient for someone to ask why one would choose to undertake a huge venture. This residencyRead MoreTheory of Writing1719 Words   |  7 PagesWriting varies from a text message to a novel. Writers often have a difficult task in creating a piece of work that truly identifies the meaning of good writing. Every good writer usually starts with the basics such as genre, audience, rhetorical situation, and reflection of the piece. Throughout this semester, we have gone through all of these key terms in great detail with each new assignment that has come our way. In doing this, not only as students but also as writers, we have come to create

The Roman Manifest Destiny Essay - 1631 Words

The Roman Manifest Destiny As a work written by a Roman about the Romans, The Aeneid is the product of the Roman perspective. It reveals what the Romans thought themselves to be, and describes where and what the Romans believed they should be. This is shown in the text through vaticinium ex eventu, prophecies describing events the author already has knowledge of. In The Aeneid, these prophecies are respected as destiny by both man and gods, and even when either attempts to contradict them, they immutably fail. The Romans not only desired to be the masters of the world s peoples, they believed they were destined and obligated to. In writing their own destiny, the Romans envisioned their ultimate success, but not without realistically predicting pain and grief along their path. When Anchises grants Aeneas a glimpse of the Trojans fate, he also describes the Roman view of their Manifest Destiny: their justified and inevitable expansion in spite of individual loss. One of the ways the R omans justified their Manifest Destiny was by viewing it as an obligation to the gods, rather than as a selfish desire. After describing the virtues of other peoples, Anchises reminds Aeneas of this duty: Roman, remember, rule with all your power, the peoples of the earth (6.981-2). Anchises is referring to the power granted to the Romans by Jove: I have granted them power, empire without end (1.334). In stating that Jove had granted the Romans these gifts, it is implied that becauseShow MoreRelatedThe s Journey From The Aeneid1305 Words   |  6 Pagesare dragging captives by their hair, and it is suggested that this is Diana and Mercury helping the Romans in their conquest. The above scene depicts Augustus, as a Jupiter like figure, surrounded by Roma, Hera, Time, and other godlike figures. These scenes depict a roman mindset that the Gods were on their side, that they had divine favor and rule over others. Another example of this manifest destiny comes from the Aeneid. Virgil is commissioned by Augustus to write this piece of literature, whichRead MoreManifest Destiny, By John L. Sullivan1491 Words   |  6 PagesIt is hard to read anything about the history of the United States without coming across the term â€Å"Manifest Destiny†. Manifest Destiny is a term, which was first coined by John L. Sullivan in the summer 1845 issue of the Democratic Review. â€Å"Hence it was carried into the debate on the Oregon question in the House of Representatives and proved to be such a convenient summing up of the self-confident nationalist and expansionist sentiment of the time that it passed into the permanent national vocabularyRead MoreManifest Destiny Essay989 Words   |  4 Pages Manifest Destiny(1830s-1840s) The ideal of Manifest Destiny has shaped the American society during the 1830s to 1840s by establishing the innovation of manufacture, the expansion of territorial, transportation, and communication. Though it is one of the greatest period of the westward territorial expansions, it caused a massive conflict of social interaction, political, religious and automatically divided the gender roles in the community. During the nineteenth century, American had expandedRead MorePresident Trump Once Said, â€Å"I Like Thinking Big. If You’Re870 Words   |  4 Pages1812. The United States citizens of the early 1800s felt an obligation to push the boundaries of the United States to the Pacific Ocean. John O’Sullivan was the first person to use the term â€Å"manifest destiny† in 1845 in an edition of the United States Magazine and Democratic Review. He said, â€Å"Our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.†2 He could not have been anymore correct as Americans everywhere accepted thatRead More The American Renaissance Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Renaissance period, circa 1876-1917, heralded a new sense of nationalism with a pride linking to a spirit akin to Greek democracy, the rule of Roman law, and a cultural and educational reform movement often referred to as R enaissance humanism. This American nationalism focused on the expression of modernism, technology, and academic classicism. Renaissance technological advancements include wire cables supporting the Brooklyn Bridge in the State of New York, along with cultural advancementsRead MoreThe Iliad Of All Time Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pagessetting and characters, but the similarities manifest at the literary level, for instance devices such as the same heroic meter, illustrious similes, allegory, ekriphas, division into books, even though way that the Greeks and Trojans are portrayed amongst many others are features of both works. However, there are striking differences between the two, while the Iliad relies heavily on repetition, the Aeneid has none. While both poems revolve around destiny, the Iliad’s underlying theme is human natureRead MoreThe Conflict Between The Old World And The New World1299 Words   |  6 PagesFrom the Roman Empire to the thirteen original colonies, ther e is one attribute that is present in almost all of history: the desire for power and control. This struggle for supremacy is at the heart of colonialism, where one nation-state takes political control over another and exploits that nation-state economically. The conflict over power in colonialism is especially true in the interactions between the Old World and the New World, when the Western European nations began to colonize the newlyRead MoreThe Mexican American War : A Forgotten Fight2241 Words   |  9 PagesThe Mexican-American War: A Forgotten Fight Thesis: The Mexican-American War was a leading factor in the cause of the American Civil War through the acquisition of new territory along with the concept of Manifest Destiny and the effects of this war can even be felt to this day. There were several factors that lead to the beginning of the war, some of which were political and others were violent. One of the political factors involved the relations between the United States and Mexico in the yearsRead MoreJournals of Puritans688 Words   |  3 Pagesxenophobia. The Puritans were stalwart in their commitment to Christian values, norms, and dogma. Descriptions of the encounters with Native Americans described in the Rowlandson journal are remarkably similar to the way that William Bradford describes the Romans treatment of Christ: bloody and barbarous persecutions of the Heathen Emperours. Connected with their xenophobia is the pilgrims concern with preserving their Christian identity and heritage. Christianity might be the most prevalent theme throughoutRead MoreChristians Are The Ones Waiting For Coming Of God s Kingdom875 Words   |  4 Pages(gospel)† have been â€Å"associated with Roman imperial cult where it was used in connection with the proclamation of the emperor’s appearance as the divine world-ruler and the inauguration of His reign.† Hence, the phrase â€Å"the good news of Jesus Christ, the son of God† conveys the more significant message to the reader: the new rule of God. In Jesus’ time, Jews were longing for their new anointed king, who is the descendants of David and is hoped to drive out the Roman Empire from Palestine in order to

Poverty, Neglect, and Trauma from Posttraumatic Stress...

In Graham Music’s book, Nurturing Natures: Attachment and Childrens Emotional, Sociocultural, and Brain Development, Music explains to the reader how poverty, neglect and trauma can be associated with PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder, and how PTSD can develop into long term psychiatric and even physical medical conditions. Neglect of a child can affect them later in life and affect their learning, social, mobile and regular everyday functions and activities. Music also shows the reader how early childhood experiences can impact attachment between mother and child. In addition, while neglect can occur at anytime during development, children are most vulnerable because of their reliance on adults in order to survive. He shows the reader†¦show more content†¦The most damaging form of trauma is interpersonal trauma which is far more likely than other traumas, such as car accidents, to give rise to posttraumatic symptoms (Van der Kolk, 1989). Maybe the worst form of int erpersonal trauma is that inflicted by a child’s carers. When a carer turns abuser, then the world feels unsafe and unpredictable. Serious abuse often leads to fear, helplessness, shame†¦ (Music 206) Music shows how early trauma and neglect can impair a child’s education, social activities and life. Children need constant parental monitoring in order to thrive. Without constant redirection, nurturing and advice - especially in vulnerable communities like impoverished homes and poor neighborhoods - external negative influences can neglect can set in triggering PTSD-like symptoms. In short, without parental monitoring, children do not learn the necessities in order to live life to the fullest. Music explains PTSD to include â€Å"intrusive thoughts† and â€Å"flashbacks.† â€Å"Interpersonal trauma† refers to injuries and neglect that can be sustained within families. Children are negatively impacted by neglect because if the parent is unable to meet the child’s basic and psychological needs, then not only is the child at risk, but the parent is demonstrating irresponsible behavior. This, in turn, becomes the normalcy for these children and they b ring these irresponsible behaviors into adulthood and theShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse Paper1450 Words   |  6 PagesOver the years substance abuse has been on the rise with many people falling victims. This paper concentrates on substance abuse and addictive disorders in the African American population. When it comes to the scope of the problem regarding the extent to which it affects the people, depression, poverty, and stress is closely connected to alcohol abuse and appears to be the same for both men and women (American Psychological Association, 2000). The National Institutes of Health (NIH) reports thatRead MorePtsd And Life After Trauma Essay2209 Words   |  9 Pages PTSD and Life after Trauma Ashley Ebersole Advanced Psychopathology Midterm 16 October 2014 PTSD and Life after Trauma Posttraumatic stress disorder is a pervasive mental disorder which affects all aspects of life. Though it is often pictured in the public eye as a disorder of the armed services, it is a heterogeneous issue that can occur in people of all backgrounds, ages, and professions. PTSD is a wide set of maladaptive and distressing symptoms that can be triggered byRead MorePtsd2879 Words   |  12 PagesPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often associated with war veterans. These days, assuming symptoms of PTSD in soldiers returning from combat tours is almost stereotypical. In fact, in the 2012 American Psychological Association (APA) annual meeting, some argue to change PTSD to post-traumatic stress â€Å"injury† to be more accommodating to soldiers, and to resolve the issue of unreported PTSD-related symptoms within military ranks (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Military officials explainedRead MoreThe Journal Of Traumatic Stress1838 Words   |  8 PagesConnie Shot ts CA301 In the Journal of Traumatic Stress, the article â€Å"Stress Among Young Urban Children Exposed to Family Violence and Other Potentially Traumatic Events† by Cindy A. Crusto of Yale University School of Medicine, Melissa L. Whitson of the University of New Haven, Sherry M. Walling of Fresno Pacific University, Richard Feinn of the University of Connecticut Health Sciences Center, Farmington, Stacey R. Friedman of the Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education andRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Experiences3559 Words   |  15 Pages Summary of Plot There are a variety of films that entail child abuse and neglect experiences. The film â€Å"Precious† is a great example of someone experiencing abuse and neglect. It focuses on the life of an African American female named Precious whose life involves various types of abuse. Precious is a young, overweight, African American female living with her abusive mother who does nothing but watch television and collect welfare through fraud. Precious is also a young teen mother to two childrenRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder ( Adhd )1713 Words   |  7 PagesPersonality Disorder Understanding the Disorder DSM-5 According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders(DSM-5,2013), Borderline Personality Disorder (301.83) is a pervasive pattern of volatility of interpersonal relations, self image, and affect, and marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of context (p. 663). Concurrent disorders associated with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) are depressive and bipolar disorders and substanceRead MoreDevelopment Of The Residential School System1740 Words   |  7 Pagescoming down† : A quote from Aggie George recalling of her experience in the Lejac Indian Residential School (Legacy of Hope Foundation, 2001). In the 1880s all the way to the 1990’s roughly 150,000 aboriginal children where removed from their communities and homes to attend the residential school system set up by the government and operated by the Christian churches (Government of Canada, 2015). The purpose of these residential schools was to isolate Aboriginal children from their families and assimilateRead MoreA Child Called It By Dave Pelzer2639 Words   |  11 Pagesstarted to be punished perpetually. She would sleep through the days only getting up to prepare minimal meals or to get herself another drink. Dave would be punished and was sent to a corner of his parent’s bedroom. At some point, Dave graduates from banishment to the corner of the bedroom to standing for hours in front of a mirror. His mother would smash his face against the glass and forces him to repeat â€Å" I am a bad boy† over and over. His mother would constantly punch on Dave and on one occasionRead MoreThe Effects Of Trauma Experienced By Adolescents Essay2205 Words   |  9 Pages Trauma is perceived as a physical or psychological threat or assault to a person’s physical integrity, sense of self, safety and/or survival or to the physical safety of a significant other; family member, friend, partner. (Kilpatrick, Saunders, and Smith, 2003). An adolescent may experience trauma from a variety of experiences, including but not limited to: abuse (sexual, physical, and/or emotional); neglect; abandonment; bullying; exposure to domestic violence and/ or community violence; naturalRead MoreProblems of Society (Law, Crime, Punishment)7483 Words   |  30 Pages(Law, Crime, Punishment) Definition of Legal system Legal systems can be split between civil law and common law systems. The term civil law referring to a legal system should not be confused with civil law as a group of legal subjects distinct from criminal or public law. A third type of legal system—accepted by some countries without separation of church and state—is religious law, based on scriptures. The specific system that a country is ruled by is often determined by its history, connections

Parol Evidence Rule in Contract Law Free Sample

Question: Discussion about the Parol Evidence Rule in Contract Law. Answer: Introduction Concept of Parole Evidence Rule After the late 19th century, classical theorists began to conceive the contracts as a part of private legislation. They considered that even private individuals may get into contracts to put obligations on each other that could be enforced before a court of law. This led to the very assumption that any agreement, which is incomplete in its nature and essence, may not form part of a contract.(Gergen, 2010) This assumption developed the doctrine on indefinites on the basis of which another assumption was drawn and it was concluded that if parties to contract have reduced their obligations in writing then there are clear intentions from them to approach the court in case of dispute. Further, it was assumed that the court must look into the writing part with the aim to clearly determine the obligations set for each of the parties to contract.(Academy Chicago Publishers v Cheever, 1991) This gave assumption gave birth to the concept of Parole Evidence Rule. Significance of the Rule to the Law of Contracts The obligations and situations of the parties are decided as per the agreed and written contract between them. When parties have made a written contract and have consented to it as accurate and complete integration of their thoughts and intentions, then any evidence either parole or otherwise, which may vary or contradict the aim of the contract, cannot be admitted for the purpose of supplying negotiations or understandings to the written contract. This is the parole evidence rule, which specifically aims to bind the parties towards the written and legally enforceable agreement signed between them.(Pitcairn v Philip Hiss Co., 1903) This rule has immense significance as it helps in ensuring that the parties do not turn their backs towards the very obligations agreed as per the contract. Further, the parties are abstained from interpreting or demeaning the clauses of the contract by supplying additional evidence. The rule helps in upholding that no evidence is required to prove any pro vision or clause made under the contract and thereby restricts the parties in taking undue advantage from negative interpretations of supplying additional evidence. The Parole Evidence Rule The Rule The very rule of Parole Evidence restricts or prevents any introduction of evidence relating to contemporaneous or prior negotiations and agreements that might cause any modification or contradiction to the terms and provisions of the written contract. But in such cases, the written contract must be complete and should be based on the intentions of the parties. A contract with a Merger Clause helps in strengthening this presumption that the contract is complete and expresses the intention of the parties in totality.(JEC, 2016) Prior to ensuring applicability of the parole evidence rule, the following questions must be considered by the court:(Corbin, 1944) Whether a contract is made between the parties? Whether by way of illegality, mistake, fraud, or other relevant reasons, there exists any possibility of the contract being rendered void or voidable? Whether the parties have assented to a particular document or writing to be integrated to the complete and accurate contract agreed between them? On the basis of the conclusions of the above questions, the court must decide whether the rule of parole evidence should be implemented in the context and situation of the case at hand or not. However, it is not necessary that while determining any of the above issues, the bench must be simple minded or gullible. The present question concerns the weight of evidence rather admissibility.(Zell v American Seating Co.,, 1943) In Childs v South Jersey Amusement Co., (1923), the Court stated that the rule of parole evidence is not required to be justified by citing myriads of case. It is well established that if the parties have agreed to the terms stated in the contract by reducing such agreement to writing, then they cannot vary or contradict such terms by submitting additional proofs including agreements and negotiations. Exceptions to the Rule The rule of parole evidence is strict and thereby creates various hardships for both parties as well as the courts. Considering the same, the court has identified and established are six exceptions to the general rule of parole evidence, which have been detailed in the below paragraphs. These exceptions state that certain evidence may be considered by the court in addition to the written contract. The following evidence may be considered:(Mohamed Mohamed, 2014) First Exception states that evidence may be allowed that shows either the trade usage or custom to be a part of the contract even when not expressly included in the underlying terms of the contract. This rule is valid in relation to contracts of commercial transactions. The examples include: A Stock exchanges dealing and a transaction of betting on racecourse with a registered dealer. In such cases the contract is valid but there may be encryption in regards the written evidence. In the Hutton v. Warrens case, (1836), the court stated that in regards to well entrenched and accepted trade and custom it is presumed that they shall apply unless otherwise proved by the other party. Thus if a trade usage or custom exists that has not been incorporated within the terms of contract, it shall be considered irrespective of the rule of parole evidence. Second Exception states that if there exists any verbal agreement, which is a condition precedent and the basis of the written contract such that it is crucial for the operation of such written agreement, then evidence proving the same shall be admissible before the courts. In Pym v Cambell, (1856), this exception has been relied by the courts where the court allowed a verbal condition to be adduced as evidence and stated that until fulfilment of such a condition the written contract could not be enforced. It may appear from the contract that it is well concluded between the parties to be enforced but the courts may admit some previously agreed extrinsic evidence that proves that the contract may not be enforced until the fulfilment of certain condition. For example: such condition may be by the approval of consent of party, or happening or non-happening of a future event. Third Exception- if the claimant if able to prove that the written agreement does not include all the essential terms to the that were agreed between the parties, then certain missed out oral evidence or terms may be allowed by the court. For this exception to apply, the courts must first determine whether the contract is fully concluded and includes all the relevant and other terms required in the contract. Since, the party who relies on an oral term is basically trying to prove that the contract is partly written and partly oral. This exception was implemented in Van Den Esschert v Chappell (1960), where the court stated that the oral agreement was relevant to the contract which was breached by the vendor who must compensate the other party. It is required to be highly alert while implementing this exception and the factors include time and relative importance must be considered in this regard. Fourth Exception states that if there lies any ambiguity in the written terms of the contract then oral evidence may be required to eliminate any such ambiguity. Fifth Exception states that if from the written contract it clearly seems that there exists a mistake then oral evidence for rectifying the said mistake may be allowed by the courts. This exception ensures that the vulnerable party does not lose pertaining to the mistake in the basic terms of the contract and it gets a chance for the rectification of mistakes under the parole evidence rule. For example: In cases, where the other party alleges any type of fraud or mistake, then the court may consider extrinsic evidence as admissible. In Janardan v Venkatesh, (1939), the court held that when there exists a mistake either in fact or law while determining and executing the terms of written contract and when such mistake exists for all the parties to contract, then evidence to rectify the mistake will be considered. Sixth Exception states that in cases where the written contract is unable to establish or identify its parties, then the oral evidence will be used to ensure identification and impose obligations on the contracting parties. For example: if a contract is between an unregistered company or a company has negotiated a contract in lieu of pending registration. Then in such cases, the court may consider the proof of registration to establish the parties to contract. In the case of Gilberto v Kenny, (1983), the court stated that to prove the identity of the purchaser, extrinsic evidence may be considered so as to find out that whether the purchaser was acting solely for itself or also as the agent of her husband. Implication of the Rule For the above analysis of the exceptions, it becomes clear that the rule if applicable to wide arena of cases but may be excluded by taking shield of any of the valid exceptions or ensuring that the additional evidence is important to do justice to the parties. This section focuses on analysing the practical application of the parole evidence rule. Practical Application of the Rule The rule of Parole Evidence is always applied in the context of Australian Laws unless the claimant is successful in proving that the written contract is not capable of considering complete intentions of the parties. (Gordon v McGregor, 1909) The general presumption of the courts in case of a written contract, which includes all relevant terms to the contract, is that no type of evidence may be added at a later stage, which may vary the terms of the contract. (Mercantile Bank of Sydney v Taylor 317 A.C., 1893). Various authors have found that the implementation of this rule is comparatively less severe than what the actual rule appears to be. Consequent to this, various exceptions have been admitted by the Australian courts relying on the pattern of England courts but also maintaining certain differences. For example: in England the exception relating to subsequent conduct between the parties will be a weak exception to use to interpret the prior written and agreed contract. However, the Australian courts have agreed to the exception of ulterior behaviour between the contractual parties for the purpose of elucidating the vague or ambiguous terms of the contract. The legal stand of this exception relation to subsequent conduct has been varied as per the opinions of the court. It has been agreed in Air Great Lakes Pty. Ltd. v K. S. Easter (Holding) Pty. Ltd., (1985) and Farmer v Honan, (1919). But finally the Supreme Court in FAI Traders Insurance Company v Savoy Plaza Pty. Limited, (1993) re solved the conflict and stated that the law does not permit any degree of reliance in cases concerning subsequent conduct. Further, in regards to the application of this rule it is pertinent to note that Australia is a signatory and has ratified to the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods or CISG. However, considering the implementing of various legal traditions identified within the Convention, the Australian Courts have been witnessed to be incompatible to the application as required under the CISG. The incompatibility came during the case of South Sydney Rugby League v News Ltd., (2000), wherein the Court discussed the implications of the terms of contract on the basis of imputed or presumed intention between the parties. The court observed that not every Legislature State and Territory within the country is deterred to enact the provisions of CISG within their domestic laws. (Zuppi, 2007) Conclusion The rule of parole evidence has existed since history in the law of contract to ensure that a contract whose terms are agreed by the parties and suit their intentions, then such terms would be relied by the court and no additional or extra evidence may be adduced to interpret the terms of the contract. This rule helps in restricting the parties to the agreed terms of the contract so as to ensure that with changing circumstances the parties are not changing, otherwise it will vitiate the very existence of the contract. However, in certain cases the rule has been relaxed to ensure justice to the vulnerable parties whose interest may be defeated under the shield of parole evidence rule. References Academy Chicago Publishers v Cheever (1991) N.E. 2d 981. Corbin, A., 1944. The Parol Evidence Rule. Yale School Legal Scholarship Repository, 603-665. Gergen, M. P., 2010. Ango- American Contract and Torts, l.: Uni-goettingen. JEC, 2016. The Parol Evidence Rule. [Online] Available at: https://jec.unm.edu/education/online-training/contract-law-tutorial/the-parol-evidence-rule Mohamed, M. A. S. Mohamed, A. A. A., 2014. A Critical Appraisal of the Parol Evidence Rule in Contract Law. Istanbul, OCERINT, pp. 865-872. Pitcairn v Philip Hiss Co. (1903) 110 Fed. 125. Zell v American Seating Co., (1943) 641 F.2d 138. Zuppi, A. L., 2007. The PArole EVidence Rule: A Comparative Study of the Common Law, The Civil Law Tradition, and Lex Mercatoria. Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, 233-276. Childs v South Jersey Amusement Co., (1923) 122 Atl. 803. Hutton v. Warrens case, (1836) 1 MW 466. Pym v Cambell, (1856) 119 ER 903. Van Den Esschert v Chappell, (1960) WAR 114. Janardan v Venkatesh, (1939) AIR Bom 151. Gilberto v Kenny, (1983) 48 CLR 620. Gordon v McGregor, (1909) 9 CLR 316. Mercantile Bank of Sydney v Taylor, (1893) A.C. 317. Air Great Lakes Pty. Ltd. v K. S. Easter (Holding) Pty. Ltd., (1985) 2 N.S.W.L.R. 309 Farmer v Honan, (1919) 26 C.L.R. 183 FAI Traders Insurance Company v Savoy Plaza Pty. Limited, (1993) 2 V. R. 343 South Sydney Rugby League v News Ltd., (2000) F.C.A. 1541

Candide - Voltaires Writing Style Essays - , Term Papers

Candide - Voltaire's Writing Style In Candide, Voltaire uses many writing techniques which can also be found in the works of Cervantes, Alighieri, Rabelais and Moliere. The use of the various styles and conventions shows that, despite the passage of centuries and the language differences, certain writing techniques will always be effective. One common literary technique is the author's use of one or more of his characters as his 'voice' to speak out the authors views on a certain subject. For instance, in Moliere's Tartuffe, the author uses the character of Cleante to speak out against religious hypocrites (page 1419, lines 99-102): Nothing that I more cherish and admire Than honest zeal and true religious fire. So there is nothing that I find more base Than specious piety's dishonest face. In Candide, Voltaire makes use of several characters to voice his opinion mocking philosophical optimism. On page 1594, Candide is asking a gentleman about whether everything is for the best in the physical world as well as the moral universe. The man replies: ...I believe nothing of the sort. I find that everything goes wrong in our world; that nobody knows his place in society or his duty, what he's doing or what he ought to be doing, and that outside of mealtimes...the rest of the day is spent in useless quarrels...-it's one unending warfare. By having this character take on such a pessimistic tone, he directly contradicts the obviously over-optimistic tone of Candide. In the conclusion (page 1617) an old turk instructs Candide in the futility of needless philosophizing by saying that "...the work keeps us from three great evils, boredom, vice, and poverty." In each of these examples, the character chosen by the author comes across as a reasonable and respectable person, making the author's point of view seem just as reasonable and respectable. Another technique Voltaire uses in Candide is that of taking actual people and events and weaving into his work of fiction. He often does this to mock or ridicule his political and literary adversaries, as shown in the conversation between the abbe' and the Parisian supper guests (page 1593). The abbe' mentions two critics who in Voltaires time have criticized his work. The critics are referred to as boring and impudent by the supper guests. In much the same manner Alighieri, in The Divine Comedy, has placed many of his enemies in various circles of Hell. In one instance (page 797), Dante himself pushes one of his political enemies back down into the swampy waters of the river Styx. In Gargantua and Pantagruel, Rabelais mentions a series of text books which are a part of the sort of educational curriculum that he is satirizing. He ridicules their use in that it takes Gargantua so long to learn simple tasks such as memorizing the alphabet. In each of these cases, the authors are able to speak out against people or practices in a way less confrontational than public speaking, as well as state their opinion in a form where they cannot be immediately contradicted. Voltarie has occasion to use the comedic style of exaggeration in Candide, such as the Baron's sister refusing to marry Candide's father because he can only prove seventy-one quarterings of his family tree. Later, Candide is sentenced to receive a flogging for having deserted the Bulgar army. He must make thirty-six passes through the gauntlet of two thousand troops. More outlandish examples of exaggeration can be found in Gargantua and Pantagruel, such as the size of Gargantua's mare (as big as six elephants) or the weight of his dumbbells (each one is eight hundred and five tons). Beside being entertaining to read, these exaggerations serve to point out the ridiculousness of an ideal by showing it in a preposterous light. The format in which Candide is written closely resembles that of Cervante's Don Quixote. In both books, the authors have chosen to name each chapter in a descriptive style; the name of the chapter tends to be a brief description of the action that is to take place within it. Compare chapter three of Don Quixote, "Of the amusing manner in which Don Quixote had himself dubbed a knight." with chapter three of Candide, "How Candide Escaped from the Bulgars, and What Became

Response Essay Sample on #8220;My Career Path to Accounting#8221;

Response Essay Sample on #8220;My Career Path to Accounting#8221; Career Path for Accounting Studies It is always so hard to give the exact number of people who have majored in accounting, but one thing that I know is that the demography is very wide and large. This is because they have different reasons for majoring in this career path. The most common reason to all people is because accounting is a marketable career and they merely want to find a job. The number of people majoring in this field is growing immensely and the most important thing is to consider the main reason of joining this profession. Some people will claim that when they were in high school, this was their best subject and they loved it and so they will need to major in it. I believe the best reason for majoring in accounting is because it has wide varieties of career path that one can major in. People should understand that this field is not all about debits and credits. It is more of a communicating language in the world of business and this is why many chief executive officers hold a degree in this field. In t he day today life it is usually one of the most common undergraduate degree programs. The most important thing is to make certain that all of the people who are in this profession understand business and that is why many people who have ventured in accounting always have considerations for such posts. The most interesting part of this career choice is that most of the time the people who venture into it will always have the best job positions waiting for them because many people always have a notion that it is a difficult discipline. The employment opportunities are abounding for the graduates majoring in accounting. The government figures shows that at least 1.2 million of jobs are held by accountants every year. According to the Feldmann, 2009 and also the survey done by the Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA, 2000) the graduates are declining but after revisiting their research in the year 2005, it reflected an increase in number of the accountant graduates. This ha s become a relief to many accounting recruiters. According to the 2007 Employment dynamics and growth expectations (EDGE) 57% of the hiring managers have a difficulty when hiring qualified staff. This call for a necessity of accounting graduates, which fortunately is increasing day after the other as the business enterprises increase. After attaining a degree in this sector, most of the students always opt to become public accountants as the first career choice. The choice of either taking job as a private accountant depended on the fact that they had to make choices among the salary values offered to them. None of them like to work in the non profit organizations. They also venture to work in a CPA company because this will give them an opportunity to venture in areas that they want to experience especially in the write up sector and auditing. This will offer them the necessary experience and that is one of the things that have invigorated so many students in venturing in the public sector option. One may also opt to venture in the private sector which is immensely lucrative. Some of the student will always like to work for the company which is rising up in this sector, but this will be determined by the level of research one is willing to do. This will give them a chance to grow and nurture their career paths in different sectors. I would advise the graduates to incline towards the public sector especially the government and non profitable sector which will provide them with the best job security even if the salary is low. There are several things that an accountant can do after they have completed their undergraduate degree. One can choose to specialize in different areas of this field, but most of all have the kind of skills that can enable them in doing so. One of the areas that is very common for people who have done accounting. Auditing is one of the areas that one can venture in. It is one of the basic areas that people have chosen to build their careers in. This kind of job involves checking of ledgers and financial statements for an organization so as to determine if they are making losses and are they spending the cash that has been allocated to them accordingly. In the era that we are in today, the work of this nature has been automated and mostly they just need to key in the values accordingly and they are going to get the right kind of statement. They ensure that the values that are presented are for the financial year contains the right values. Accounting career paths are very varied and this is why many a times one has to consider the path that they want take. Many people after they have cleared school do not have an impression where to flinch their careers but the many options have in these career paths that can be taken. Book keeping is another thing that they can do. These are the people who keep records of invoices, payments and other revenue coming for a company or an individual. In many cases they will always want to venture in this area accordingly. Another area, which they would venture in is becoming general accountants. This is almost the same to a book keeper, but they make accruals and the necessary adjustments in the accounting records. In the large organizations, they are usually placed in departments like human resources department dealing with the payment of the staff. Another area is when one becomes a controller. These are the people who are responsible for the accounting department. They usually work in the public sector but also venture in the private sector and they are usually in charge of cash flow for the organization. For one to reach to such a position, one must work and put a lot of determination in the work that they do. The other job, which is available for them is becoming a forensic accountant. These are the people who work with the government or the persons who are accountable for auditing and investigating crimes which are related to accounting frauds and other related things. These people should ensure that they posses some level of law knowledge because this will assist them in identifying areas which have been altered and assist in prosecution of the culprits. A budget analyst is another thing that they can do. This is because they are able to interpret many things, which are recorded in the budget. This is a very crucial and involving work because they are the people who are responsible in the making of financial plans for businesses and other organizations especially the government agencies and other non profitable organizations. The professionals who have taken up these works can take up these jobs in both the private and the public sectors. The people who take these kinds of jobs should be very innovative when it comes to the negotiation process and that is why they should have good personal and interpersonal skills. Financial accounting is another sector that one can venture in. These are the persons who are accountable for the preparation of financial statements of the available businesses or any enterprise. These are the persons who are used to make decisions when there is a merger which is going to take place in any company. This is because these people Are gifted to study the fiscal statements of the two companies and determine if there is a need for merger and if one of the companies is taking advantage of the other or not. They are also responsible for forecasting to determine the returns that will be experienced by the companies when they merge. It is important to make sure that these people are responsible for the financial and accounting processes. Management accounting is a very busy position in any organization. This is why many people are able to have the kind of decisions that are deterministic in the process of capital budgeting and the area of analysis of contracts. Control on bus inesses on the expenses and the cost analysis is done by these people. They usually make sure that they work in close contact with the people responsible for the marketing sector since they assist in a big way when it comes to the making decisions which are good for the welfare of the company. Taxation is another area which they can take up. This is for persons who would like to become tax accountants. These are the people who work for both companies and individuals. They usually prepare statements which either for a corporation of personal income. It is a boost for the individual who is doing this kind of work to have good knowledge background of the necessary kind of economics which is being used by these people. Accountants are also responsible for advising individuals when it comes to venturing in different kinds of businesses. This is because they are the people who have the knowhow on the issues that are present and current in the business world. It is very good to ensure that the people who need services can be given independent and privately. Budgeting and other issues, which are associated with the business are given and offered to the people accordingly. This is very usual for the companies which need a lot of desecrate business especially those that are being fa ces with of competition. They need individuals who are trustworthy and can be able to keep a secret and the customer’s information private. Some individuals have also opted to continue with their studies even after becoming qualified accountants. They continue for MS to become licensed, Certified Public Accountants. This is a person who is approved by the state to finance financial information in the public companies to give accurate results. These are the individuals qualified to start their own auditing firms if they do not a favouring or well paying job opportunity (Felix 2010, 56). Thus the study found it advisable for the accountant graduates to continue to this level for better and higher chances of employment opportunities and also private or self employment enterprises. The study realized various career choices coincide with the accountant career path. Though the rate of accountant graduate seems to increase year after the other, the job opportunities are also increasing since many people are venturing to businesses which requires accountants to deal with the financial analysis. Each and every sector starting with the individual enterprises, the public, private and nongovernmental organizations cannot be successful without the accountants. These are important personnel since every business is after making profits and thus accounting careers like the auditing department are important to examine whether the business profitable or not. The private and public sectors also requires accountant staffs that are qualified to analyze their financial status and thus, realizing on the areas that needs improvement. Some students lack the opportunity of joining any of the discussed careers especially because of some issues like corruption and high competition. Ne vertheless such students are not supposed to be frustrated but to come up with other activities that utilize their qualifications. A number of graduates who have lacked a position in the public, private, or the non profit organizations have started their own auditing firms. They run their own business as private auditors and are employed casually by these organizations. Other graduates have set their small microfinance businesses. These are industries which are growing at a high rate. For the qualified accountants their operations are easy and beneficial. These enterprises have become common in the rural areas and in areas with small scale business. Some of the accountants are joining hands to operate such businesses as partners. Some of these enterprises have grown to become Sacco’s and eventually banks. continue for MS to become licensed, Certified Public Accountants. This is an individual who is licensed by the state to finance financial information in the public companies to give accurate results. These are the individuals qualified to start their own auditing firms if they do not a favouring or well paying job opportunity (Felix 2010, 56). Thus the study found it advisable for the accountant graduates to continue to this level for better and higher chances of employment opportunities and also private or self employment enterprises. For people who have advanced in these areas and actually had the best payment package compared to having a degree alone. This is why I would advice many people to make sure that they have taken the issue of taking CPA in an extra way to be able to make more money and have better jobs. Many people who have licences and certifications are able to have the best things in the career paths toward getting the best jobs possible. Every qualified accountant expects a salary that is higher than for any other undergraduate from a number of business schools. There is also an expectation of initiation into an exclusive professional club of the practicing accountants. This is a symbolic status that makes one feel to have an important and recognized rank in the society. Unfortunately these expectations are rarely met in the current society. Quite a number of students have joined the account career. This is making this field to have more than the required participants. In other words the supply is overtaking the demand. With high expectations of having a unique status, what happens when one fails to achieve this goal? One is also interested with the queries like where an accountant career path can lead one to or if there are there other industrial areas related to accountant career that such a graduate could get involved to utilize his knowledge. For students who are clearing from the universities i would advise that one who is trying to learn about a good accounting career path should have a wide variety of choices especially if he has a degree in accounting. One’s initial selection depends on the feeling about a primary direction that he believes is of interest to him. There are various general areas where one can choose to work in for instance private, public, government linked, or the non profit making organizations. For newer graduates, it is advisable to work with a CPA firm since it gives an opportunity to examine a number of industries and experience of both the audit and write up functions. One may also decide to join a private sector which is more beneficial, nevertheless it is advisable to first investigate on any industry that lies as a choice and go for the one that is fast growing. This gives an opportunity for expansion of ones career and thus wider rooms for advancement. Where one is inclined in a public service or a career in a government or non profit making organizations, one gets a good chance of exploring in various issues and can easily make changes which are beneficial to a the whole society or even the nation. All the government offices, in all departments, require accountant personnel that are talented. These offices include the FDIC, IRS, Comptroller of the currency, General services administration, military branches departments, health ministries, environmental ministries, to mention but a few. Any accounting working area, be it in government, public, or private sectors, will always lead to an interesting financial rewarding and beneficial careers. Tho ugh some of these careers overlap they vary in focus and lead to a challenging, professional life. In conclusion I would say that Accounting is a career that moulds accountants; these are persons that are responsible in the provision of data that is mainly required to make an assessment on the future and current economic activities. Accountants performs various duties, which include planning tax strategy, calculating the computing cost, preparation of financial statements, developing information technology, measuring financial performance, to mention but a few. This suggests that there are various and different accounting career paths which are beneficial in one way or another and can fit different people. Though some of them overlap, each of them has a specific focus. For successful career people should be able to do the best that they can do to advance this sector. Many technological advances have been made to ensure that these people who take up this course are able to save time and actually do their work better too.

Post-Structuralism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Post-Structuralism - Essay Example Along with Lvi-Strauss, three of the most prominent post-structuralists were first counted among the so-called "Gang of Four" of structuralism par excellence: Jacques Lacan, Roland Barthes, and Michel Foucault. The works of Jacques Derrida, Gilles Deleuze, and Julia Kristeva are also counted as prominent examples of post-structuralism. Legal theory is necessarily involved with question of language, meaning and interpretation. Language has increasingly become a major object of inquiry within diver's range of legal theory. This is partly due to the work of J.L. Austin and his speech language theory, between 1962 and 1973. 2 At that time discussions were very passionate, then, after a less popular period, it re-finds a great interest at the beginning of the eighties. In France, it has penetrated philosophy thanks to the works of Ducrot and Ricoeur. The first publication on this subject dates from 1974. In Europe the situation is quite similar with one remarkable exception in 1962 with the Swedish K. Olivecrona and the Finish G.H. von Wright3. But in 1972, Alf Ross published an article with a signification title:" The Rise and Fall of the Doctrine of Per formatives ", in one hand he rejected following Austin's first distinction between per formatives and constatives, or more generally, between "saying something" and "doing something", but on the other hand, he didn't accept the second version of the theory, with the distinction between the elocutionary, illocutionary, and perlocucionnary act. Alf Ross distinguished only two main types of speech act: indicative and directive, in his book "Directives and N orms". Each of these acts had one or several norms behind to determine its normative consequences. These norms were called "norms of competence". Contribution to the question of the legal language specificity: a frontal attack against basis of the pure theory of law. The theorical reason of the language theory attraction exercised on jurists is that in the sixties legal theoricians and philosophers went to a saturation point caused by kelsenien theory. Thus per formative theory allowed a frontal attack against the bases of pure theory by suppressing grnd norm "hypothesis". In admitting existence of per formative speech acts, which didn't ask existence of superior norms, we could denounce what Mc Cormick called "the imperativist fallacy". But it is also important to stress that speech act theory allowed to oppose oneself to the epistemological rupture, inherited from Hume and Kant applied in our field by Kelsen between Sein and Sollen, Is and Ought. Some jurists had this deep intuition that this radical scission which closed them in the "swollen world", the one of signification of will act, cut them from reality, and deprive legal reasoning from perception foundations signing by its irrationalism. Though, doctrine of per formatives by its theory o f presuppositions reinaugurates the link between speech act and its factual presuppositions. It is the reason why the speech act theory has

Franklin D. Roosevelt's First 100 Days in The White House Essay

Franklin D. Roosevelt's First 100 Days in The White House - Essay Example To enable the transfer of power smoothly from the previous president and his administrative team, Roosevelt had created a â€Å"transition team† (Coker, 2005, p. 87). While selecting people for the key administrative positions under his authority, Roosevelt was found to be concentrating on the intellectual abilities, regional representation and loyalty to him as well (Coker, 2005, p. 89). He, thus, found his people from among â€Å"Ivy League intellectuals and New York State social workers† (Digital Library, 2012). There was â€Å"an inner circle† of persons who were instrumental in his rise to the president-ship, and he took all his important decisions in consultation with this team after the election as well (Coker, 2005, p. 88). When Roosevelt declared the â€Å"New Deal† policy, its lack of strong â€Å"ideological or philosophical frame work† was attributed to the â€Å"diversity and size† of his support teams (Coker, 2005, p. 89). Roose velt is understood as a president who was â€Å"open to all viewpoints and was more impressed with those who had innovative ideas that might generate results rather than advisors who came across as narrow in their thinking†(Coker, 2005, p. 89). Owing to this style of functioning, many policies of Roosevelt were criticized as being â€Å"inconsistent, haphazard, and even contradictory† (Coker, 2005, p. 89). What Roosevelt valued most as an administrator reportedly was â€Å"action† (Coker, 2005, p. 89). The way Roosevelt made his decisions by prompting his think tank into brainstorming sessions, where he would act as a moderator, was a new style of functioning to the US presidency (Coker, 2005, p. 94). The support team that... Roosevelt is understood as a president who was â€Å"open to all viewpoints and was more impressed with those who had innovative ideas that might generate results rather than advisors who came across as narrow in their thinking†(Coker, 2005, p. 89). Owing to this style of functioning, many policies of Roosevelt were criticized as being â€Å"inconsistent, haphazard, and even contradictory†. What Roosevelt valued most as an administrator reportedly was â€Å"action†. The way Roosevelt made his decisions by prompting his think tank into brainstorming sessions, where he would act as a moderator, was a new style of functioning to the US presidency. The support team that he had was known as the â€Å"brain trust†. Generally, the leadership style of Roosevelt has been understood as one that â€Å"yeilds results†.The first thing that Roosevelt did after coming to office was to convene a special session of the Congress and asked the Congress a mandate for h imself to have "broad executive power to wage a war against the emergency, as great as the power that would be given [†¦] [him] if [†¦] [the nation] were in fact invaded by a foreign foe.". Through acting in this manner, reflecting the urgency of the situation, Roosevelt created an ambience receptive of the reforms and drastic changes that he envisaged to bring in, in all sectors.The first policy decision of Roosevelt as the president was the declaration of a â€Å"bank holiday† to cope with the financial crisis.

Theories of child development

Theories of child development Describe and evaluate two stage theories of child development Developmental psychologists use theories to formulate hypotheses. There are three main, very broad families of theories related to child development. These are Psychoanalytical Theory, Learning Theory and Cognitive-Developmental Theory. Theories within each of these families attempt to provide developmentalists with comprehensive explanations of just about every facet of human development. Psychoanalytic Theories (e.g. Freud and Erikson) propose that developmental change happens because of the influence of internal drives and emotions on behaviour. Learning Theories (e.g. Pavlov, Bandura etc.) propose that development results from an accumulation of experiences. Cognitive-Developmental Theories (e.g. Piaget and Vygotsky) emphasise the mental processes in development. Freuds Psychosexual Theory is an example of a Psychoanalytical Theory. Freud mainly worked with adults who were suffering from severe mental illnesses and he used his findings to base his work on development. He concluded that behaviour is governed by both conscious and unconscious thought processes and he believed that the libido is the motivating force behind most of our behaviour. One of the main parts of Freuds theory is his idea that a persons personality is divided into 3 parts called the id, the ego and the superego. The id is a persons basic sexual and aggressive impulses. The id contains the libido and motivates a person to seek pleasure and avoid pain. The ego is the conscious, thinking part of a persons personality. One of its main jobs is to keep the needs of the id satisfied. It is also responsible for keeping the three components of personality in balance. Finally, the superego is the part of our personality that acts as a moral judge. When the superego has developed, t he egos task becomes much more difficult. It must satisfy the id without violating the superegos rules. According to Freud, a person experiences tension when any of the three components is in conflict with another. He believed that sexual feelings are vital to personality development however he only believed this because many of his patients had memories of sexual feelings and behaviour in childhood. Freuds most controversial idea was regarding childrens experiences of sexual attraction towards the opposite-sex parent during the phallic stage. He termed these ‘The Oedipus Conflict for a male child and ‘The Electra Complex if the child was female. For example, The Oedipus Conflict states that a male child has sexual feelings for his mother but fears that his father will find out and castrate him. Freud proposed a series of psychosexual stages. He believed that a child passes through each one of these stages. These stages are oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. He believed that during each stage the libido is fixed around a certain area of the body and a major developmental task takes place. For example, in the oral stage, which Freud believed occurred from birth and lasted until the child was one year old, libido is said to be focussed on the mouth, lips and tongue. Freud believed that during this stage the major developmental task that took place was weaning. In the anal stage, libido is focussed on the anus and toilet training takes place. This usually occurs at ages 1 to 3 years old. In the phallic stage, focus is on the genitals (as it is in the genital stage) and this is where the child tries to resolve the Oedipus/Electra complex. Freud thought that the latency period is not really a psychosexual stage as the libido is not focussed on the body during this period a nd therefore, fixation is impossible. Freud went on to state that if an adult is fixated at one of these stages, they will have certain recognisable characteristics. For example, if an adult is fixated at the oral stage they will develop characteristics such as smoking, overeating, passivity and gullibility. According to Freud, optimum development requires an environment that will satisfy the unique needs of each period. Freuds Psychosexual Theory has been praised because it provides a psychological explanation for mental illness and it emphasises the importance of experiences in infancy and early childhood. It also highlights the importance of the childs earliest relationships with their caregivers. It suggests that a childs needs change with age, so parents and caregivers must continually adapt to the changing child. Eriksons Psychosocial Theory supports Freuds Theory. Erikson (1963) was a neo-Freudian which means that his ideas were built on the strengths of Freuds Theory but he attempted to avoid the weaknesses. Erikson proposed that personality develops in eight psychosocial stages over the course of the lifespan. He believed that personality develops through eight life crises across the entire lifespan. A person finishes each crisis with either a good or poor resolution. The theory also provided psychologists with a number of helpful concepts (e.g. id, ego, superego, unconscious etc) and many o f these terms are not used in everyday language and not just in psychological theory. Freud is often credited with the invention of psychotherapy, which is still practiced today. However, there are many theorists that disagree with Freuds ideas. For example, Baldwin (1967) states that one of the main criticisms of Freuds work is that it focus upon our thoughts and feelings, which presents many methodological problems. Baldwin goes on to comment on the fact that many of the terms that Freud uses (e.g. id, ego etc.) have not been operationalised. Operational definitions of the key terms are vital to a scientific theory as we need precise definitions in order to test the theories properly. This therefore means that the theory is not falsifiable. Freuds theory has also been criticised because of the evidence it presents. As stated earlier, much of the support for Freuds theory came from his own patients, who he used as case studies. He mainly chose to study women as he saw them as being inferior and this meant that his theory displays some very patriarchal issues and can be viewed as being very negative to women, something which feminists have argued for years. Piagets Cognitive-Developmental Theory is used to emphasise the mental processes in development. Piaget (1974) believed that all children seem to go through the same sequence of discoveries about their world, making the same mistakes and arriving at the same solutions. A scheme is an internal cognitive structure that provides an individual with a procedure to use in a specific circumstance. This is a main idea in Piagets model. Piaget believed that each of us starts life with a small repertoire of sensory and motor schemes, such as looking, tasting, touching, hearing, and reaching. As we use each scheme it starts to work better. Piaget proposed 3 processes in order to explain how children get from built-in schemes, such as looking and touching, to the complex mental schemes used in childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Assimilation is the process by which we use a scheme to make sense of an event or situation. The complementary process is accommodation, which involves changing the sc heme as a result of some new information acquired through assimilation. Through accommodation we improve our skills and reorganise our ways of thinking. Equilibration is the process of balancing assimilation and accommodation to create schemes that fit the environment. Piagets research suggested to him that logical thinking evolves in four stages. During the sensorimotor stage, from birth to 18 months, infants use their sensory and motor schemes to act on the world around them. In the preoperational stage, from 18 months to 6 years, children acquire symbolic schemes, such as language and fantasy, which they use in thinking and communicating. Next, is the concrete operational stage, 6-12 year olds begin to think logically and become capable of solving problems. The final stage is the formal operational stage. Here, adolescents learn to think logically about abstract ideas and hypothetical situations. Piaget believed that each stage comes from the one before it, and each involves major restructuring of the childs way of thinking. Research has confirmed that the sequence of stages is fixed and that children progress through them at different rates. Conservation studies, such as those carried out by Ciancio et al (1999) and Sophian (1995), have generally confirmed Piagets observations. Although it does seem as though younger children can demonstrate some understanding of conservation if the task is made very simple, most children cannot consistently solve conservation and other kinds of logical problems until at least the age of 5. However, Boyd and Bee (2008) state that preschoolers are a great deal more cognitively sophisticated than Piaget thought. Boyd and Bee believe that children, as young as 2 and 3, do appear to understand that another person sees and experiences things differently than they do. This therefore suggests that Piaget may have been wrong about some of the ages at which children develop certain skills. However, Bringuier (1980) counter-criticises this by recognising that the age ranges of each of the stages were always meant to be approximate. Piaget may also be wrong about the generality of the stages. For e xample, Boyd and Bee (2008) suggest that most 8 year olds show concrete operational thinking on some tasks but not on others, and they are more likely to show complex thinking on familiar rather than unfamiliar tasks. This therefore suggests that the process of child development may be a lot less stage-like than Piaget first suggested. Piatelli-Palmarini (1980) and Turiel (1996) go on to further argue this point by suggesting that it is very difficult to provide evidence for Piagets theory if the behaviour he suggests is very rarely, if ever, consistent with actually happens. This theory helps to explain how children of different ages think about and act on the world. Piagets research findings have been replicated in nearly every culture since his work was first published in the 1920s. Therefore, not only did he formulate a new theory which forced psychologists to think about child development in a new way, he also provided a set of findings that were impossible to ignore and difficult to explain. He also developed innovative methods of studying childrens thinking that continue to be important today. Feldman (2004) states that the question of how a child moves from one stage to another has been discussed between many critics of Piagets theory. For example, Gruber and Voneche (1977) and Karmiloff-Smith (1992) believe that Piagets stages should not longer be considered by theorists because they are unnecessary. However, Piaget knew that the stages he proposed would have to be modified. Feldman (2004) attempted to present a contemporary version of Piagets stages that he hoped would work better to express Piagets vision of what the stages are intended to represent. Feldman went on to state that a child may not actually behave in ways consistent with the principles of the operating system or overall set of cognitive structures of his or her stage. Feldman (2004) suggests that Piagets idea of equilibration has caused much controversy between theorists with many making efforts to interpret, clarify, critique and revise the concept. Feldman goes on to say that Piaget himself was not satisfied with the way that equilibration explains in detail how the transitions between the stages take place. Piaget (1975) tried to discover an elaborated version of equilibration so as to better capture movement from stage to stage within his theory. The main problem with equilibration is that it lacks a lot of detail. Most critics seem to agree that it is correct, but it leaves many unanswered questions. When equilibration processes are contrasted with structures as a whole, lots of problems arise for the theory. According to Siegler and Munakato (1993) the equilibration model forces us to choose to accept unrealistic transitions that occur from stage to stage or to abandon the idea of structures as a whole. However, if this was to happen, some o f the theorys major claims would be abandoned. Feldman (1995) went on to adapt Piagets theory. In doing so, he adapted it in such a way that the equilibration process would continue to play a central role in cognitive structures, but it no longer has to carry the burden of stage transition alone. The Information Processing Theory supports Piagets Theory. This uses the computer as a model to explain intellectual processes such as memory and problem-solving. It suggests that there are both age differences and individual differences in the efficiency with which humans use their information-processing systems. This theory can be used to explain Piagets Theory. Case (1985) states that this is a neo-Piagetian theory which expands on Piagets Theory rather than contradicting it. However, Boyd and Bee (2008) state that Vygotskys Sociocultural Theory goes against what Piaget proposed. Vygotsky stated that complex forms of thinking have their origins in social interactions rather than in the childs private explorations, as Piaget thought.

Icarus and the Myth of Deconstruction :: Essays Papers

Icarus and the Myth of Deconstruction In all three texts, it is the act of analysis which seems to occupy the center of the discursive stage, and the act of analysis of the act of analysis which in some way disrupts that centrality. In the resulting asymmetrical, abyssal structure, no analysis -- including this one -- can intervene without transforming and repeating other elements in the sequence, which is not a stable sequence. Barbara Johnson "The Frame of Reference" The Critical Difference 1. Introduction Among its detractors, literary theory has a reputation for sinful ignorance of both literature and the outside world; literary critics either overemphasize the word at the expense of context (as in formalistic criticisms) or overemphasize context at the expense of the word (as in political and historical criticisms). However, deconstruction holds a particularly tenuous position among literary theories as a school that apparently commits both sins; while formalistically focusing on the words on the page, deconstruction subjects those words to unnatural abuse. Thus, deconstruction seems locked in the ivory tower, in the company of resentful New-Critical neighbors. Such charges have received insufficient response from deconstruction's top theorists who, though they define and redefine the basic tenets of their approach, fail to justify such an approach in the world. They have explained their purpose, but not their motivation. With this desperate need in mind, then, embarking on any new piece of deconstruction poses a twofold demand: to not only seek to unfold new facets of a text (or texts) through a deconstructive lens, but to aim that lens outside of literature and show its implications in society, away from any ivory tower. Ovid, Pieter Brueghel and W. H. Auden have (inadvertently) created a lineage convenient to these demands. In Ovid's myth "Concerning the Fall of Icarus" from Metamorphoses[i], he created a character that has become an icon, several millennia later. Pieter Brueghel adopted the icon in the sixteenth century for his painting Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, which then received famous treatment in the twentieth century by W. H. Auden in his poem "Musà ©e Des Beaux Arts." These three works provide a beautiful, laboratory-quality arena in which to apply various deconstructive ideas: Jacques Derrida's theories of translation and the "dangerous supplement" and Roland Barthes' conception of the myth as language. However, such an inheritance necessarily extends to include the critical work that draws it together.

How Did Life Change for the Blacks After the Civil War? Essay

Life for Southern blacks did improve somewhat as a result of the Civil War and Reconstruction, but it was not perfect. There were still many inequalities between the two races, white and black. This essay will discuss life of blacks prior to the Civil War (1861-1865), how the blacks were involved in the war and Reconstruction (1865-1877), and how the war and Reconstruction changed the blacks’ way of life. Before the Civil War, most slaves lived on small cotton plantations. Here, the owner worked alongside them. The bigger the plantation, the more the slaves, and thus the weaker human relationship would be between master and slaves. They received, in general, harsh treatment because they were considered property. There were many social inequalities. Black Codes were passed to limit blacks’ freedom even more than it was already. They were not allowed to marry legally or learn to be literate. Slaves could be â€Å"sold down the river†, and had no privacy from their masters. They were not allowed to go outdoors after dark, get together in groups of three or more, exit their owner’s property without a written pass, or own weapons. This changed somewhat after the Civil War. The blacks played a major role in the victory of the North in the Civil War. There were many black soldiers in the war who worked behind the scenes for armies of the North. During Reconstruction, blacks exercised political power for the first time in the South. They were included as authors of new state constitutions, along with military governments, scalawags, and carpetbaggers. On January 1st 1863, the Emancipation came into effect. It was a proclamation issued by President Abraham Lincoln that declared freedom for all slaves in states still in rebellion against the federal government. This meant that more slaves could live a free life again, but only until the Black Codes were passed. Without the blacks’ contributions to the Civil War and Reconstruction, things could have turned out a lot different. As for life after the Civil War and Reconstruction, there were many social changes. These were mostly in support of the blacks, until the start of the 20th century. Thanks to the protection of the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments to the Constitution and the Civil Rights Act of 1866, blacks relished a period of time during which they could vote, have a say in politics, acquire land, find a job, and make use of public accommodations. They were able to legally marry, worship how they wanted, and could form private clubs, along with other rights. This was until the 1890s, which is when the southern states began coming up with ways to exclude blacks once again. In response to this, many blacks moved into the Northern states, and some even went back to Africa. One of the parts of their lives that didn’t change much was that the majority of southern blacks remained in poverty because sharecropping didn’t earn them enough money to improve their conditions. Despite this progress socially, there were many more rights the blacks didn’t have, but the whites did. These hard times for African Americans continued into the 20th century, which is when the Civil Rights Movement and other efforts came into play in an attempt to equalize rights between races. As I said before, life for blacks after the Civil War and Reconstruction was somewhat better than life before. Their life still wasn’t impeccable, and it was a long road to equality.

Diabetes Essay - 2269 Words

Diabetes Diabetes is a disorder of metabolism-the way in which your body converts the food you eat into energy. Most of the food you eat is broken down by digestive juices into chemicals, including a simple sugar called glucose. Glucose is your bodys main source of energy. After digestion, glucose passes into your bloodstream, where it is available for cells to take in and use or store for later use. In order for your cells to take in glucose, a hormone called insulin must be present in your blood. Insulin acts as a quot;keyquot; that unlocks quot;doorsquot; on cell surfaces to allow glucose to enter the cells. Insulin is produced by special cells (called islet cells) in an organ called the pancreas, which is about 6†¦show more content†¦Impaired glucose tolerance occurs when your pancreas becomes exhausted and can no longer produce enough insulin to get glucose out of your bloodstream into cells. Glucose begins to build up in your blood. If it is not diagnosed and not treated, this gradual rise in glucose often leads to type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease-in any order and in any combination. While all these harmful activities are going on inside your body, you feel perfectly fine. Type 2 diabetes is considered a silent disease because it works its destruction over many years without causing any noticeable symptoms. Thats why half of the people who have type 2 diabetes dont know it. You or someone you love could have diabetes. The good news is that you may be able to avoid type 2 diabetes altogether. This article will help you understand the disease, learn about your chances of developing it, and tell you what you can do to try to prevent it. Many people are able to avoid diabetes by making changes in their lifestyle such as eating less and exercising more. Diabetes Statistics http://www.diabetesroadmap.com/ Over 15.7 million people (5.9% of the population) have diabetes and almost half of them do not know it. And, each day more than 2,200 people are diagnosed with diabetes. Diabetes is responsible for more than 180,000 deaths each year in the USA. Diabetes is one of the most costly health care problems in America. HealthShow MoreRelatedDiabetes : Diabetes And Diabetes3153 Words   |  13 PagesPeople all around the world might know someone with diabetes, but might have never realized how did they get diabetes, what will happen with them, what do they go through, what makes them change their lives, or what is there everyday basis when someone has diabetes? It may not be your problem, but to show respect and care for the one who may have diabetes can help them and benefit yourself to know more about it and have a better understanding of it. It can impact a person s personal life to knowRead MoreDiabetes : The Growth Of Knowledge On Diabetes1018 Words   |  5 PagesDiabetes The research focused on explaining the meaning of diabetes and how literary some concepts can be used to control the situation. Diabetes is a defect in the body that results from the inability to convert glucose to energy. In the medical terms, glucose is the primary source of energy that enables the body to execute its functions effectively. The types of foods that affect the blood sugars are called carbohydrates. We can find carbohydrates in foods such as potatoes, corn, fruit, rice andRead MoreDiabetes And Its Effects On Diabetes1408 Words   |  6 Pagesgo hand in hand with diabetes. Everyone who has diabetes goes through different events or problems each and every day. However, there is more than just one type of diabetes that corresponds with these things; there are two distinct types. It is unsure how Diabetes was discovered but now there are much simpler ways to detect if someone is diabetic. As time has gone on, it is greatly apparent that the technology and all that scien tists know about diabetes has changed. Diabetes is a disease in whichRead MoreDiabetes : Diabetes And Diabetes1433 Words   |  6 Pages Diabetes mellitus (sometimes called sugar diabetes) is a condition that occurs when the body can t use glucose (a type of sugar) normally. Glucose is the main source of energy for the body s cells. The levels of glucose in the blood are controlled by a hormone called insulin, which is made by the pancreas. Insulin helps glucose enter the cells. In diabetes, the pancreas does not make enough insulin (type 1 diabetes) or the body can t respond normally to the insulin that is made (type 2 diabetes)Read MoreDiabetes : Diabetes And Diabetes Essay1172 Words   |  5 Pages Diabetes refers to clinically and heterogenous group of disorders described by abnormal high levels blood glucose. Diabetes is ranked as 6th leading cause of death. It direct annual medical costs is approximately over $ 92 billion, and another $ 40 billion indirect cost. It affects approximately 18.2 million people in the USA (Arcangelo Peterson, 2013). Explain the differences between types of diabetes including type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes. There are three major classificationRead MoreDiabetes : Diabetes And Diabetes1193 Words   |  5 Pagesthe family has diabetes. Her husband, your grandfather, is at risk for diabetes. Your father has diabetes. Your mother is at risk for diabetes. Your half-sister on your father’s side of the family was recently tested for diabetes. What kind of future regarding diabetes does that leave you with? This may not be you, but this is me. This is my diabetic and at risk family. What is the difference between the types of diabetes? What are the possible problems I can have because of diabetes? How can I treatRead MoreDiabetes : Diabetes And Diabetes1371 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes For my health project topic I chose Diabetes. One of my aunts has type one diabetes, and that is partially why I chose to do this topic. Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar) because of varying reasons. Some of these reasons include insulin production is inadequate or because the body’s cells don’t respond properly to insulin, or both. Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas that regulates the amount of glucose in theRead MoreDiabetes : Diabetes And Diabetes851 Words   |  4 Pages Diabetes comes in multiple forms: type 1, or diabetes insipidus; type 2, or diabetes mellitus; or gestational, which occurs during pregnancy and may be either type 1 or type 2. Diabetes is a metabolic disease where the person has high blood glucose. (Blood glucose is also know was blood sugar.) When the person has high blood sugar it’s either because the insulin result is insufficient, or the body’s cells don’t respond to the insulin like it should, or both can happen. There are different typesRead MoreDiabetes : Diabetes And Diabetes919 Words   |  4 PagesResistance: Diabetes Diabetes mellitus is most commonly known as diabetes. Diabetes is formally a Greek word that translates to, â€Å"the making of lots of urine with sugar in it or making sweet urine† Brawley. This disease is due to a metabolic dysfunction. 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