Crisis Management and the Aaron Hernandez Saga Research Paper

Emergency Management and the Aaron Hernandez Saga - Research Paper Example he murder cases encompassing Aaron Hernandez have prompted extraordinary harms not exclusively to the picture of Aaron Hernandez himself, yet in addition the individuals and associations with which Aaron Hernandez was related. This paper examines and investigations the Aaron Hernandez adventure and the undertakings made by various partners in the taking care of and the executives of the cynicism achieved by the Aaron Hernandez emergency. Aaron Hernandez adventure, despite the fact that with an exceptionally muddled starting point, can be followed directly from the youth that Hernandez needed to shoulder. As is regular with the vast majority, the earth to a colossal degree directs the characters of people. Aaron Hernandez was raised in a caring family. Aaron Hernandez adored, trusted and truly had a solid confidence in the standards of the guardians. The trust Aaron Hernandez had on his dad had positive results just as negative outcomes on him (Aaron Hernandez) all in equivalent measure (The University of Liverpool, 2014). Decidedly, Aaron Hernandez’s father assumed a gigantic job in raising Aaron Hernandez as an entirely capable and a self-roused individual (The University of Liverpool, 2014). Being mindful in Aaron Hernandez is confirm when he chose to get a vocation in proficient football. Aaron Hernandez is viewed as a fruitful player with alluring records in the NFL, some of which: playing in the super-bowls and in the top-flight tight end. Adversely nonetheless, Dennis Hernandez (Aaron Hernandez’s father) had rebel attributes, for example, as often as possible being sentenced for attack. From this examination, it tends to be contended that Aaron Hernandez acquired the â€Å"genes of crime† from his dad (The Courant, 2014). Being a football player, Aaron Hernandez is inclined to wrongdoing. American football is a game described with hard handles not to mention the physical requests the players need to experience before they qualify as experts (The Courant, 2014). Countless players in the NFL are likewise tranquilize clients, which

British Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

English Constitution - Essay Example The Blacks Law Dictionary is especially detailed giving the points of interest of a constitution. As indicated by the Blacks Law Dictionary, meaning of constitution the British constitution applies to this definition to some littler degree. Most countries have composed constitutions, for example, constitutions of most present day majority rules systems. The constitution of Britain, on the other hand, is unwritten or uncodified. Its customs are casual and dependent on a few unique laws. In contrast to different majority rules systems, Britain has no official archive that clarifies the administration of the country. The absence of a composed report connects to the British history. England never encountered an upset like different nations, and never had any system change. Along these lines, their constitution kept on advancing for so long and this joined with the general dependability of Britain, improvement of a constitution never happened. Specialists relating to constitution for the most part allude to a few laws, bargains and shows, which they gather to make up a constitution. T he few gatherings that make up a constitution incorporate Acts of Parliament, Treaties, shows, Royal privilege, works of power, European Union law and the Common law. Their constitution is by gauges less majority rule, not clear and not responsible enough to oversee a nation in the cutting edge popularity based world (KING, 2009). Not at all like constitutions of most majority rules systems that direct circulation of capacity to different organs, in Britain such force dwells in the arms of the crown. Force that is boundless and untouchable gets from the crown where the sovereign activities some of it and the vast majority of it by the legislature. The sovereign activities four sacred forces. These are just constrained to her, and no one can practice them for the benefit of her. They incorporate the ability to picked and delegate the nations head administrator, the ability to break down a sitting parliament, excusal of government and the ability to retain illustrious consent to enactment

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Stanford GSBs Green Campus

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Stanford GSBs Green Campus Thanks in part to a $105M gift from Nike founder and chairman Phil Knight (MBA 62), the Stanford Graduate School of Business (GSB) has constructed a new $350M campus in recent years. The 360,000 square foot campus of the Knight Management Center, which opened in April 2011, expanded the schools existing campus footprint by 100,000 square feet. The extended campus is intended to allow the use of a wider variety of teaching methods and to increase interaction among students and faculty, including those from other Stanford University schools. Forty-two small classrooms, 7 large classrooms, 276 seats in the auditorium and 60 faculty offices were added. In addition to offering facilities for cross-disciplinary classes and lectures, the Knight Center is employing sustainable practices with respect to site development and the conservative use of water and energy. As a result, the GSB will seek LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Platinum certificationâ€"the highest level of LEED certification granted by the U.S. Green Building Councilâ€"in recognition of the campus’s minimal environmental impact. To learn more about the Knight Center and the official launch, check out these  slideshows and videos. For more information on  the Stanford GSB  or 15 other leading MBA programs, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Friday Factoids Stanford University (Stanford Graduate School of Business)

Reflection Paper On My Writing - 5143 Words

Mario Rebottaro ENG 131.72 Nicole Brake Reflection Essay Throughout my semester in English 131, I have gained many improvements to both my writing skills and my writing process. One such improvement was making me think critically on my essays in both this class and another class where we had to write essays. On all of my later self-reviews, I constantly gave way below what I was eventually given, and that helped me so much, by changing my essays so much more than what I would have done originally. That is evident by how my grade has steadily gone up on each of my papers. The memoir that I first wrote was my first ever graded that was really beneficial to my grade, and I got a 44 out of 50. The next paper that I wrote was a profile, and I got the same grade on that as my memoir. The first improvement that I had was on the review essay, and that was only by one point above the other papers that I wrote. Lastly, the best improvement that I have had was with my final paper, a proposal essay. On that essay, I got a 49 out of 50, a major improve ment to my other pieces of writing. One thing that has not improved by being in this class is my ability to proof-read and my spelling. I have never been good at noticing any spelling mistakes, only pieces in writing that does not flow or make sense. I have even noticed in my peer’s papers that I have reviewed that there are words that are misspelled and the professor has marked, and I wondered how I have missed them. ThatShow MoreRelatedReflection Paper On The Formal Writing Assignments983 Words   |  4 Pages Before this class, I was terrified of writing papers. In high school we did not write that much and when we did, we were expected to know how to do it. My teachers never went into as much depth and detail as we did in this class. Writing in general was one of my biggest challenges coming into this class. In class we had to write reflections about ourselves and our week in class. I would always struggle with these because I would never know what to write about or how to start it. HoweverRead MoreReflection About Reading And Reflection1090 Words   |  5 PagesWhen I first received my classes for the fall semester of 2017, I noticed the class titled: Introductory College Writing. I instantly rolled my eyes and felt annoyed. Even though English as my favorite subject in high school, my favorite part of English was the reading aspect; I have always loathed the writing portion of English. My expectations in this class was I was going to write about a whole bunch of nonsense and hope to pass. But after participating in this course my expectations were thrownRead MoreEnglish 111 Evaluation Essay623 Words   |  3 Pagesthinking and the fundamentals of academic writing. This is a prerequisite English class for higher-level English education. By the end of this course a student will have gained a great deal of practice in the craft of writing. This essay will evaluate the English 111 textbooks, essays, self-reflections, the instructor, and what I personally learned. The English 111 textbook had effective sample essays and diagrams of outlines. The Successful College Writing Textbook is the textbook used for the EnglishRead MoreThe Reflective Essay My Writing Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesReflective Essay When I was a child, writing was one of my favorite hobbies, so I used to spend many hours to write in my daily journals. However, when I came to America, I felt more difficult to write and express my thoughts in English because I did not know much vocabularies and lacking grammatical knowledge. Then, I decided to go back to school to improve my writing skills because I recognize the significant of writing in my everyday lives. As a college student, my writing are about different types ofRead MoreLife Of Our Time As A Student1747 Words   |  7 Pagesour exams, papers, group projects, and late-night outings, our thoughts ebb and flow, and often we forget to reflect on all the progress that we’ve made throughout the semester. As students, we’re exposed to so much information, be we also find ourselves relearning the things we thought we understood all along, and so, for this assignment I have chosen to go back and reflect on my reflections. My goal is to better underst and the journey that I have gone through as a first-semester Writing ConsultantRead MoreMy Writing : The Reflective Essay Essay1666 Words   |  7 PagesThe Reflective Essay Writing has been one of my favorite hobbies since I was in high school, so I used to spend many hours to writing in my daily journals in Vietnamese. However, when I came to America, I felt more difficult to write and express my thoughts in English because I did not know much vocabularies and lacking grammatical knowledge. Then, I decided to go back to school to improve my writing skills because I recognize the significance of writing in my everyday lives. As a college studentRead MoreReflection Paper On Reflection1076 Words   |  5 Pagesgrown in composition writing. Going into Dublin Scioto High School’s dual credit program, I only knew how to write short story analysis papers, or your run-of-the-mill story reflection. After hearing I would have wrote a total of 5000 words minimum, I was left flabbergasted. Nevertheless, the challenges faced when writing these papers gave me an abundant amount of knowledge in transitional word use, and finally becoming comfortable with the drafting process. When writing my papers, however, I stillRead MoreEssay on A Reflection Upon My Writing911 Words   |  4 Pagesthe key for how my thoughts are dictated on this blank white sheet.† After writing this in my in-class journal discussing my transition from five-paragraph writing to actual formation of thoughts without a specific format, I realized that this process was a larger undertaking than I originally thought. Through endless amounts of essay writing the personal academic improvements that have taken place this quarter are indescribable in comparison to any other academic feat made in my brief but fulfillingRead MoreLessons Learned Paper1448 Words   |  6 PagesLessons Learned Paper Na’Kisha Sherrard, MS University of Phoenix Lessons Learned Paper Connecting with a group of doctoral students for the first residency is very frightening. Several students admitted to having feelings of misperception, worry, or uncertainty. Meeting someone new is certainly not comfortable, however the expectations and anxiety of a doctoral program is sufficient for someone to ask why one would choose to undertake a huge venture. This residencyRead MoreTheory of Writing1719 Words   |  7 PagesWriting varies from a text message to a novel. Writers often have a difficult task in creating a piece of work that truly identifies the meaning of good writing. Every good writer usually starts with the basics such as genre, audience, rhetorical situation, and reflection of the piece. Throughout this semester, we have gone through all of these key terms in great detail with each new assignment that has come our way. In doing this, not only as students but also as writers, we have come to create

The Roman Manifest Destiny Essay - 1631 Words

The Roman Manifest Destiny As a work written by a Roman about the Romans, The Aeneid is the product of the Roman perspective. It reveals what the Romans thought themselves to be, and describes where and what the Romans believed they should be. This is shown in the text through vaticinium ex eventu, prophecies describing events the author already has knowledge of. In The Aeneid, these prophecies are respected as destiny by both man and gods, and even when either attempts to contradict them, they immutably fail. The Romans not only desired to be the masters of the world s peoples, they believed they were destined and obligated to. In writing their own destiny, the Romans envisioned their ultimate success, but not without realistically predicting pain and grief along their path. When Anchises grants Aeneas a glimpse of the Trojans fate, he also describes the Roman view of their Manifest Destiny: their justified and inevitable expansion in spite of individual loss. One of the ways the R omans justified their Manifest Destiny was by viewing it as an obligation to the gods, rather than as a selfish desire. After describing the virtues of other peoples, Anchises reminds Aeneas of this duty: Roman, remember, rule with all your power, the peoples of the earth (6.981-2). Anchises is referring to the power granted to the Romans by Jove: I have granted them power, empire without end (1.334). In stating that Jove had granted the Romans these gifts, it is implied that becauseShow MoreRelatedThe s Journey From The Aeneid1305 Words   |  6 Pagesare dragging captives by their hair, and it is suggested that this is Diana and Mercury helping the Romans in their conquest. The above scene depicts Augustus, as a Jupiter like figure, surrounded by Roma, Hera, Time, and other godlike figures. These scenes depict a roman mindset that the Gods were on their side, that they had divine favor and rule over others. Another example of this manifest destiny comes from the Aeneid. Virgil is commissioned by Augustus to write this piece of literature, whichRead MoreManifest Destiny, By John L. Sullivan1491 Words   |  6 PagesIt is hard to read anything about the history of the United States without coming across the term â€Å"Manifest Destiny†. Manifest Destiny is a term, which was first coined by John L. Sullivan in the summer 1845 issue of the Democratic Review. â€Å"Hence it was carried into the debate on the Oregon question in the House of Representatives and proved to be such a convenient summing up of the self-confident nationalist and expansionist sentiment of the time that it passed into the permanent national vocabularyRead MoreManifest Destiny Essay989 Words   |  4 Pages Manifest Destiny(1830s-1840s) The ideal of Manifest Destiny has shaped the American society during the 1830s to 1840s by establishing the innovation of manufacture, the expansion of territorial, transportation, and communication. Though it is one of the greatest period of the westward territorial expansions, it caused a massive conflict of social interaction, political, religious and automatically divided the gender roles in the community. During the nineteenth century, American had expandedRead MorePresident Trump Once Said, â€Å"I Like Thinking Big. If You’Re870 Words   |  4 Pages1812. The United States citizens of the early 1800s felt an obligation to push the boundaries of the United States to the Pacific Ocean. John O’Sullivan was the first person to use the term â€Å"manifest destiny† in 1845 in an edition of the United States Magazine and Democratic Review. He said, â€Å"Our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.†2 He could not have been anymore correct as Americans everywhere accepted thatRead More The American Renaissance Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Renaissance period, circa 1876-1917, heralded a new sense of nationalism with a pride linking to a spirit akin to Greek democracy, the rule of Roman law, and a cultural and educational reform movement often referred to as R enaissance humanism. This American nationalism focused on the expression of modernism, technology, and academic classicism. Renaissance technological advancements include wire cables supporting the Brooklyn Bridge in the State of New York, along with cultural advancementsRead MoreThe Iliad Of All Time Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pagessetting and characters, but the similarities manifest at the literary level, for instance devices such as the same heroic meter, illustrious similes, allegory, ekriphas, division into books, even though way that the Greeks and Trojans are portrayed amongst many others are features of both works. However, there are striking differences between the two, while the Iliad relies heavily on repetition, the Aeneid has none. While both poems revolve around destiny, the Iliad’s underlying theme is human natureRead MoreThe Conflict Between The Old World And The New World1299 Words   |  6 PagesFrom the Roman Empire to the thirteen original colonies, ther e is one attribute that is present in almost all of history: the desire for power and control. This struggle for supremacy is at the heart of colonialism, where one nation-state takes political control over another and exploits that nation-state economically. The conflict over power in colonialism is especially true in the interactions between the Old World and the New World, when the Western European nations began to colonize the newlyRead MoreThe Mexican American War : A Forgotten Fight2241 Words   |  9 PagesThe Mexican-American War: A Forgotten Fight Thesis: The Mexican-American War was a leading factor in the cause of the American Civil War through the acquisition of new territory along with the concept of Manifest Destiny and the effects of this war can even be felt to this day. There were several factors that lead to the beginning of the war, some of which were political and others were violent. One of the political factors involved the relations between the United States and Mexico in the yearsRead MoreJournals of Puritans688 Words   |  3 Pagesxenophobia. The Puritans were stalwart in their commitment to Christian values, norms, and dogma. Descriptions of the encounters with Native Americans described in the Rowlandson journal are remarkably similar to the way that William Bradford describes the Romans treatment of Christ: bloody and barbarous persecutions of the Heathen Emperours. Connected with their xenophobia is the pilgrims concern with preserving their Christian identity and heritage. Christianity might be the most prevalent theme throughoutRead MoreChristians Are The Ones Waiting For Coming Of God s Kingdom875 Words   |  4 Pages(gospel)† have been â€Å"associated with Roman imperial cult where it was used in connection with the proclamation of the emperor’s appearance as the divine world-ruler and the inauguration of His reign.† Hence, the phrase â€Å"the good news of Jesus Christ, the son of God† conveys the more significant message to the reader: the new rule of God. In Jesus’ time, Jews were longing for their new anointed king, who is the descendants of David and is hoped to drive out the Roman Empire from Palestine in order to

Poverty, Neglect, and Trauma from Posttraumatic Stress...

In Graham Music’s book, Nurturing Natures: Attachment and Childrens Emotional, Sociocultural, and Brain Development, Music explains to the reader how poverty, neglect and trauma can be associated with PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder, and how PTSD can develop into long term psychiatric and even physical medical conditions. Neglect of a child can affect them later in life and affect their learning, social, mobile and regular everyday functions and activities. Music also shows the reader how early childhood experiences can impact attachment between mother and child. In addition, while neglect can occur at anytime during development, children are most vulnerable because of their reliance on adults in order to survive. He shows the reader†¦show more content†¦The most damaging form of trauma is interpersonal trauma which is far more likely than other traumas, such as car accidents, to give rise to posttraumatic symptoms (Van der Kolk, 1989). Maybe the worst form of int erpersonal trauma is that inflicted by a child’s carers. When a carer turns abuser, then the world feels unsafe and unpredictable. Serious abuse often leads to fear, helplessness, shame†¦ (Music 206) Music shows how early trauma and neglect can impair a child’s education, social activities and life. Children need constant parental monitoring in order to thrive. Without constant redirection, nurturing and advice - especially in vulnerable communities like impoverished homes and poor neighborhoods - external negative influences can neglect can set in triggering PTSD-like symptoms. In short, without parental monitoring, children do not learn the necessities in order to live life to the fullest. Music explains PTSD to include â€Å"intrusive thoughts† and â€Å"flashbacks.† â€Å"Interpersonal trauma† refers to injuries and neglect that can be sustained within families. Children are negatively impacted by neglect because if the parent is unable to meet the child’s basic and psychological needs, then not only is the child at risk, but the parent is demonstrating irresponsible behavior. This, in turn, becomes the normalcy for these children and they b ring these irresponsible behaviors into adulthood and theShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse Paper1450 Words   |  6 PagesOver the years substance abuse has been on the rise with many people falling victims. This paper concentrates on substance abuse and addictive disorders in the African American population. When it comes to the scope of the problem regarding the extent to which it affects the people, depression, poverty, and stress is closely connected to alcohol abuse and appears to be the same for both men and women (American Psychological Association, 2000). The National Institutes of Health (NIH) reports thatRead MorePtsd And Life After Trauma Essay2209 Words   |  9 Pages PTSD and Life after Trauma Ashley Ebersole Advanced Psychopathology Midterm 16 October 2014 PTSD and Life after Trauma Posttraumatic stress disorder is a pervasive mental disorder which affects all aspects of life. Though it is often pictured in the public eye as a disorder of the armed services, it is a heterogeneous issue that can occur in people of all backgrounds, ages, and professions. PTSD is a wide set of maladaptive and distressing symptoms that can be triggered byRead MorePtsd2879 Words   |  12 PagesPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often associated with war veterans. These days, assuming symptoms of PTSD in soldiers returning from combat tours is almost stereotypical. In fact, in the 2012 American Psychological Association (APA) annual meeting, some argue to change PTSD to post-traumatic stress â€Å"injury† to be more accommodating to soldiers, and to resolve the issue of unreported PTSD-related symptoms within military ranks (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Military officials explainedRead MoreThe Journal Of Traumatic Stress1838 Words   |  8 PagesConnie Shot ts CA301 In the Journal of Traumatic Stress, the article â€Å"Stress Among Young Urban Children Exposed to Family Violence and Other Potentially Traumatic Events† by Cindy A. Crusto of Yale University School of Medicine, Melissa L. Whitson of the University of New Haven, Sherry M. Walling of Fresno Pacific University, Richard Feinn of the University of Connecticut Health Sciences Center, Farmington, Stacey R. Friedman of the Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education andRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Experiences3559 Words   |  15 Pages Summary of Plot There are a variety of films that entail child abuse and neglect experiences. The film â€Å"Precious† is a great example of someone experiencing abuse and neglect. It focuses on the life of an African American female named Precious whose life involves various types of abuse. Precious is a young, overweight, African American female living with her abusive mother who does nothing but watch television and collect welfare through fraud. Precious is also a young teen mother to two childrenRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder ( Adhd )1713 Words   |  7 PagesPersonality Disorder Understanding the Disorder DSM-5 According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders(DSM-5,2013), Borderline Personality Disorder (301.83) is a pervasive pattern of volatility of interpersonal relations, self image, and affect, and marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of context (p. 663). Concurrent disorders associated with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) are depressive and bipolar disorders and substanceRead MoreDevelopment Of The Residential School System1740 Words   |  7 Pagescoming down† : A quote from Aggie George recalling of her experience in the Lejac Indian Residential School (Legacy of Hope Foundation, 2001). In the 1880s all the way to the 1990’s roughly 150,000 aboriginal children where removed from their communities and homes to attend the residential school system set up by the government and operated by the Christian churches (Government of Canada, 2015). The purpose of these residential schools was to isolate Aboriginal children from their families and assimilateRead MoreA Child Called It By Dave Pelzer2639 Words   |  11 Pagesstarted to be punished perpetually. She would sleep through the days only getting up to prepare minimal meals or to get herself another drink. Dave would be punished and was sent to a corner of his parent’s bedroom. At some point, Dave graduates from banishment to the corner of the bedroom to standing for hours in front of a mirror. His mother would smash his face against the glass and forces him to repeat â€Å" I am a bad boy† over and over. His mother would constantly punch on Dave and on one occasionRead MoreThe Effects Of Trauma Experienced By Adolescents Essay2205 Words   |  9 Pages Trauma is perceived as a physical or psychological threat or assault to a person’s physical integrity, sense of self, safety and/or survival or to the physical safety of a significant other; family member, friend, partner. (Kilpatrick, Saunders, and Smith, 2003). An adolescent may experience trauma from a variety of experiences, including but not limited to: abuse (sexual, physical, and/or emotional); neglect; abandonment; bullying; exposure to domestic violence and/ or community violence; naturalRead MoreProblems of Society (Law, Crime, Punishment)7483 Words   |  30 Pages(Law, Crime, Punishment) Definition of Legal system Legal systems can be split between civil law and common law systems. The term civil law referring to a legal system should not be confused with civil law as a group of legal subjects distinct from criminal or public law. A third type of legal system—accepted by some countries without separation of church and state—is religious law, based on scriptures. The specific system that a country is ruled by is often determined by its history, connections

Parol Evidence Rule in Contract Law Free Sample

Question: Discussion about the Parol Evidence Rule in Contract Law. Answer: Introduction Concept of Parole Evidence Rule After the late 19th century, classical theorists began to conceive the contracts as a part of private legislation. They considered that even private individuals may get into contracts to put obligations on each other that could be enforced before a court of law. This led to the very assumption that any agreement, which is incomplete in its nature and essence, may not form part of a contract.(Gergen, 2010) This assumption developed the doctrine on indefinites on the basis of which another assumption was drawn and it was concluded that if parties to contract have reduced their obligations in writing then there are clear intentions from them to approach the court in case of dispute. Further, it was assumed that the court must look into the writing part with the aim to clearly determine the obligations set for each of the parties to contract.(Academy Chicago Publishers v Cheever, 1991) This gave assumption gave birth to the concept of Parole Evidence Rule. Significance of the Rule to the Law of Contracts The obligations and situations of the parties are decided as per the agreed and written contract between them. When parties have made a written contract and have consented to it as accurate and complete integration of their thoughts and intentions, then any evidence either parole or otherwise, which may vary or contradict the aim of the contract, cannot be admitted for the purpose of supplying negotiations or understandings to the written contract. This is the parole evidence rule, which specifically aims to bind the parties towards the written and legally enforceable agreement signed between them.(Pitcairn v Philip Hiss Co., 1903) This rule has immense significance as it helps in ensuring that the parties do not turn their backs towards the very obligations agreed as per the contract. Further, the parties are abstained from interpreting or demeaning the clauses of the contract by supplying additional evidence. The rule helps in upholding that no evidence is required to prove any pro vision or clause made under the contract and thereby restricts the parties in taking undue advantage from negative interpretations of supplying additional evidence. The Parole Evidence Rule The Rule The very rule of Parole Evidence restricts or prevents any introduction of evidence relating to contemporaneous or prior negotiations and agreements that might cause any modification or contradiction to the terms and provisions of the written contract. But in such cases, the written contract must be complete and should be based on the intentions of the parties. A contract with a Merger Clause helps in strengthening this presumption that the contract is complete and expresses the intention of the parties in totality.(JEC, 2016) Prior to ensuring applicability of the parole evidence rule, the following questions must be considered by the court:(Corbin, 1944) Whether a contract is made between the parties? Whether by way of illegality, mistake, fraud, or other relevant reasons, there exists any possibility of the contract being rendered void or voidable? Whether the parties have assented to a particular document or writing to be integrated to the complete and accurate contract agreed between them? On the basis of the conclusions of the above questions, the court must decide whether the rule of parole evidence should be implemented in the context and situation of the case at hand or not. However, it is not necessary that while determining any of the above issues, the bench must be simple minded or gullible. The present question concerns the weight of evidence rather admissibility.(Zell v American Seating Co.,, 1943) In Childs v South Jersey Amusement Co., (1923), the Court stated that the rule of parole evidence is not required to be justified by citing myriads of case. It is well established that if the parties have agreed to the terms stated in the contract by reducing such agreement to writing, then they cannot vary or contradict such terms by submitting additional proofs including agreements and negotiations. Exceptions to the Rule The rule of parole evidence is strict and thereby creates various hardships for both parties as well as the courts. Considering the same, the court has identified and established are six exceptions to the general rule of parole evidence, which have been detailed in the below paragraphs. These exceptions state that certain evidence may be considered by the court in addition to the written contract. The following evidence may be considered:(Mohamed Mohamed, 2014) First Exception states that evidence may be allowed that shows either the trade usage or custom to be a part of the contract even when not expressly included in the underlying terms of the contract. This rule is valid in relation to contracts of commercial transactions. The examples include: A Stock exchanges dealing and a transaction of betting on racecourse with a registered dealer. In such cases the contract is valid but there may be encryption in regards the written evidence. In the Hutton v. Warrens case, (1836), the court stated that in regards to well entrenched and accepted trade and custom it is presumed that they shall apply unless otherwise proved by the other party. Thus if a trade usage or custom exists that has not been incorporated within the terms of contract, it shall be considered irrespective of the rule of parole evidence. Second Exception states that if there exists any verbal agreement, which is a condition precedent and the basis of the written contract such that it is crucial for the operation of such written agreement, then evidence proving the same shall be admissible before the courts. In Pym v Cambell, (1856), this exception has been relied by the courts where the court allowed a verbal condition to be adduced as evidence and stated that until fulfilment of such a condition the written contract could not be enforced. It may appear from the contract that it is well concluded between the parties to be enforced but the courts may admit some previously agreed extrinsic evidence that proves that the contract may not be enforced until the fulfilment of certain condition. For example: such condition may be by the approval of consent of party, or happening or non-happening of a future event. Third Exception- if the claimant if able to prove that the written agreement does not include all the essential terms to the that were agreed between the parties, then certain missed out oral evidence or terms may be allowed by the court. For this exception to apply, the courts must first determine whether the contract is fully concluded and includes all the relevant and other terms required in the contract. Since, the party who relies on an oral term is basically trying to prove that the contract is partly written and partly oral. This exception was implemented in Van Den Esschert v Chappell (1960), where the court stated that the oral agreement was relevant to the contract which was breached by the vendor who must compensate the other party. It is required to be highly alert while implementing this exception and the factors include time and relative importance must be considered in this regard. Fourth Exception states that if there lies any ambiguity in the written terms of the contract then oral evidence may be required to eliminate any such ambiguity. Fifth Exception states that if from the written contract it clearly seems that there exists a mistake then oral evidence for rectifying the said mistake may be allowed by the courts. This exception ensures that the vulnerable party does not lose pertaining to the mistake in the basic terms of the contract and it gets a chance for the rectification of mistakes under the parole evidence rule. For example: In cases, where the other party alleges any type of fraud or mistake, then the court may consider extrinsic evidence as admissible. In Janardan v Venkatesh, (1939), the court held that when there exists a mistake either in fact or law while determining and executing the terms of written contract and when such mistake exists for all the parties to contract, then evidence to rectify the mistake will be considered. Sixth Exception states that in cases where the written contract is unable to establish or identify its parties, then the oral evidence will be used to ensure identification and impose obligations on the contracting parties. For example: if a contract is between an unregistered company or a company has negotiated a contract in lieu of pending registration. Then in such cases, the court may consider the proof of registration to establish the parties to contract. In the case of Gilberto v Kenny, (1983), the court stated that to prove the identity of the purchaser, extrinsic evidence may be considered so as to find out that whether the purchaser was acting solely for itself or also as the agent of her husband. Implication of the Rule For the above analysis of the exceptions, it becomes clear that the rule if applicable to wide arena of cases but may be excluded by taking shield of any of the valid exceptions or ensuring that the additional evidence is important to do justice to the parties. This section focuses on analysing the practical application of the parole evidence rule. Practical Application of the Rule The rule of Parole Evidence is always applied in the context of Australian Laws unless the claimant is successful in proving that the written contract is not capable of considering complete intentions of the parties. (Gordon v McGregor, 1909) The general presumption of the courts in case of a written contract, which includes all relevant terms to the contract, is that no type of evidence may be added at a later stage, which may vary the terms of the contract. (Mercantile Bank of Sydney v Taylor 317 A.C., 1893). Various authors have found that the implementation of this rule is comparatively less severe than what the actual rule appears to be. Consequent to this, various exceptions have been admitted by the Australian courts relying on the pattern of England courts but also maintaining certain differences. For example: in England the exception relating to subsequent conduct between the parties will be a weak exception to use to interpret the prior written and agreed contract. However, the Australian courts have agreed to the exception of ulterior behaviour between the contractual parties for the purpose of elucidating the vague or ambiguous terms of the contract. The legal stand of this exception relation to subsequent conduct has been varied as per the opinions of the court. It has been agreed in Air Great Lakes Pty. Ltd. v K. S. Easter (Holding) Pty. Ltd., (1985) and Farmer v Honan, (1919). But finally the Supreme Court in FAI Traders Insurance Company v Savoy Plaza Pty. Limited, (1993) re solved the conflict and stated that the law does not permit any degree of reliance in cases concerning subsequent conduct. Further, in regards to the application of this rule it is pertinent to note that Australia is a signatory and has ratified to the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods or CISG. However, considering the implementing of various legal traditions identified within the Convention, the Australian Courts have been witnessed to be incompatible to the application as required under the CISG. The incompatibility came during the case of South Sydney Rugby League v News Ltd., (2000), wherein the Court discussed the implications of the terms of contract on the basis of imputed or presumed intention between the parties. The court observed that not every Legislature State and Territory within the country is deterred to enact the provisions of CISG within their domestic laws. (Zuppi, 2007) Conclusion The rule of parole evidence has existed since history in the law of contract to ensure that a contract whose terms are agreed by the parties and suit their intentions, then such terms would be relied by the court and no additional or extra evidence may be adduced to interpret the terms of the contract. This rule helps in restricting the parties to the agreed terms of the contract so as to ensure that with changing circumstances the parties are not changing, otherwise it will vitiate the very existence of the contract. However, in certain cases the rule has been relaxed to ensure justice to the vulnerable parties whose interest may be defeated under the shield of parole evidence rule. References Academy Chicago Publishers v Cheever (1991) N.E. 2d 981. Corbin, A., 1944. The Parol Evidence Rule. Yale School Legal Scholarship Repository, 603-665. Gergen, M. P., 2010. Ango- American Contract and Torts, l.: Uni-goettingen. JEC, 2016. The Parol Evidence Rule. [Online] Available at: https://jec.unm.edu/education/online-training/contract-law-tutorial/the-parol-evidence-rule Mohamed, M. A. S. Mohamed, A. A. A., 2014. A Critical Appraisal of the Parol Evidence Rule in Contract Law. Istanbul, OCERINT, pp. 865-872. Pitcairn v Philip Hiss Co. (1903) 110 Fed. 125. Zell v American Seating Co., (1943) 641 F.2d 138. Zuppi, A. L., 2007. The PArole EVidence Rule: A Comparative Study of the Common Law, The Civil Law Tradition, and Lex Mercatoria. Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, 233-276. Childs v South Jersey Amusement Co., (1923) 122 Atl. 803. Hutton v. Warrens case, (1836) 1 MW 466. Pym v Cambell, (1856) 119 ER 903. Van Den Esschert v Chappell, (1960) WAR 114. Janardan v Venkatesh, (1939) AIR Bom 151. Gilberto v Kenny, (1983) 48 CLR 620. Gordon v McGregor, (1909) 9 CLR 316. Mercantile Bank of Sydney v Taylor, (1893) A.C. 317. Air Great Lakes Pty. Ltd. v K. S. Easter (Holding) Pty. Ltd., (1985) 2 N.S.W.L.R. 309 Farmer v Honan, (1919) 26 C.L.R. 183 FAI Traders Insurance Company v Savoy Plaza Pty. Limited, (1993) 2 V. R. 343 South Sydney Rugby League v News Ltd., (2000) F.C.A. 1541